■JC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  I'BRARV  F« 
f!    I"     III    II     IM  11(11  II!  itlill  .| 


A     000  664  906     5 


AN 


ADDRESS 


ON    THE 


BOTAXF  OF  THE  UXITED  STATES, 

niLITEBKO    BEFOBK   TBK 

SOCIETY 

70B   THS 

PROMOTION  OF  USEFUL  ARTS, 

AT   THE  CAPITOL,    IV    THE    CITY    OF    ALBANY,    ON    THE  QtiI 
DAY    OF    FEBRUARY,     1814. 

To  which  is  added, 

A  CATALOGUE  OF  PLANTS 

LYDIGEJ^OUS  TO  THE  STATE  OF  JsTEW-TORK. 

wvwvvw 

By  JACOB  GREEN,  A.  M. 

One  of  the  Counsellors  of  the  Society,  and  Member  of  the  Linnsean 
Society  of  Philadelphia. 

wvvwvw 

Fortunatus  et  ille,  Deos  qui  novit  agrestes, 
Panaq ;  Sylyanumq ;  aenem,  Nymphasque  sorores. 

i^0O-;'.:-OO^i 
ALBAJ^Y : 

PRINTED    BY    WEBSTEUS    AND    SKINNERS. 

1814. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corparation 


http://www.archive.org/details/addressonbotanyoOOgreeiala 


ON  THE 

BOTdXr  OF  THE  UXITED  STATES. 


XN  every  country  an  accurate  knowledge  of  its  internal 
resources,  forms  an  object  of  political  importance.  But  a 
description  of  its  natural  productions  is  connected  with  the 
interest  of  society  at  large,  and  eminently  calculated  to  il- 
lustrate those  indications  of  goodness  and  intelligence,  which 
may  be  traced  in  every  form  of  matter,  from  a  particle  of 
earth  to  the  wonderful  construction  of  an  organized  and 
sentient  being."* 

These  sentiments  should  be  felt  by  every  well  wisher  of 
science;  and  every  enterprising  and  well  disposed  citizen, 
will  be  willing  to  contribute,  as  far  as  he  is  able,  to  the  in- 
formation here  contemplated.  Under  this  conviction,  I  have 
determined  to  address  you  this  evening  on  the  Botany  of 
THE  United  States.  A  subject  which,  considering  our 
peculiar  and  important  advantages  for  its  cultivation,  has 
been,  I  conceive,  much  neglected.  I  propose,  first  of  all, 
to  call  your  attention  to  some  of  the  advantages  which  we 
possess  for  the  study  and  improvement  of  Botany. 

A  country  can  scarcely  be  said  to  exist  till  the  period  of 
its  civilization.  The  savage,  with  a  mind  uninformed  by 
knowledge,  and  affected  by  no  desires  or  emotions,  but  those 
of  immediate  preservation  and  enjoyment,  passes,  with  little 
regard,  the  most  important  productions  of  nature.  Even 
those  which  by  their  novelty  or  usefulness  have  engaged  his 
attention  to-day,  will  often  be  forgotten  in  the  hurry  of  to- 
morrow. Of  Botany,  he  knows  nothing.  He  has  a  slight 
and  imperfect  acquaintance  only  with  a  few  medicinal  and 

*  Edinburgh  Review. 


nutritive  plants,  and  of  these  indeed,  he  has  scarcely  more 
knowledge  than  that  which  is  possessed  by  his  Avild  associ- 
ates, the  beasts  of  the  forest.  Nature  to  him  is  a  blank — 
All  her  endless  varieties  exist  in  vain.  It  is  civilization 
alone  which  opens  the  stores  and  discloses  the  mysteries  of 
creation,  and  enables  man  to  appropriate  to  himself  whatev- 
er is  necessary,  useful  and  ornamental.  Till  the  discovery 
of  America,  therefore,  by  civilized  Europe,  the  advantages 
of  our  country  for  the  study  of  Natui'al  history  in  general, 
and  of  Botany  in  particular,  could  not  be  appreciated.  These 
advantages,  I  have  affirmed,  are  pec\iliar  and  important. — 
They  are  so,  because  in  a  new  country  all  vegetation,  being 
in  its  original  state,  the  Botanist  is  not  perplexed  in  his  in- 
vestigations and  discoveries,  by  those  changes  in  the  quali- 
ties and  the  appearance  of  plants,  which  the  culture  and 
the  innovations  of  art  always  occasion.  Add  to  this,  the  im- 
portant circumstance,  that  the  greater  portion  of  our  coun- 
try is  placed  in  that  happy  temperature  of  climate,  where 
vegetation  is  neither  wholly  checked  by  the  severity  of 
northern  blasts,  nor  its  sources  dried  up  by  the  too  ardent 
rays  of  the  sun.  It  is  true  indeed  that  hybridous  productions 
are  every  where  to  be  found,*  and  that  a  doubt  may  be  sug- 
gested whether  all  the  s/iectes  Jtlantarum  are  not  the  effect 
of  changes  produced  by  time ;  and  that  the  genera  alone 
•were  the  immediate  productions  of  the  Creator.  Be  this 
as  it  may,  it  is  still  certain,  that  a  newly  discovered  country 
affords  far  less  varieties  of  this  kind,  than  are  found  in  re- 
gions where  the  improvements  of  cultivation  have  been 
introduced. 

The  moisture  of  the  ground  and  the  state  of  the  atmos- 
phere is  not  so  much  varied  in  America  by  a  difference  in 
latitude  as  in  the  countries  of  the  old  world.  From  this 
cause  probably  we  witness  that  general  and  remarkable 
abundance  of  herbs,  shrubs  and  trees  which  distinguish  the 
different  parts  of  this  continent.     There  is  certainly  a  lux- 

♦  See  Wildenow's  Principles  of  Botany — And  also  a  Dissertation  on 
tJie  Sexes  cf  Plants  by  Linnxus. 


uriance  in  the  vegetation  of  North  and  South  America  "which 
is  unequalled  by  any  other  portion  of  the  globe.  And  as  one 
extremity  of  the  United  States  is  influenced  by  the  severity 
of  polar  cold  and  the  other  pov,  erfully  affected  by  equa- 
torial heat,  while  the  far  greater  pan,  as  already  remarked* 
is  found  under  temperate  latitudes,  we  should  expect  what 
we  know  to  be  the  fact,  that  the  variety  of  our  plants  would 
be  peculiarly  great.  But  that  we  may  the  more  clearly  dis- 
cover the  advantages  enjoyed  in  the  United  States  for  the 
study  and  improvement  of  Botany,  allo\V  me  to  present  you 
with  a  sketch,  a  little  more  distinct,  of  the  face  of  the  coun- 
try, and  of  its  soil  and  climate  ;  with  a  cursory  notice  of 
some  of  the  plants  already  known. 

That  vast  chain  of  mountains  which  extends  in  a  north 
and  south  direction,  across  the  United  States,  is  the  most 
striking  feature  of  the  country.  This  great  ridge  is  inter- 
sected by  many  others,  which,  though  comfmratively  small, 
are,  when  separately  taken,  by  no  means  inconsiderable.— 
These  mountains  are  generally  oi  the  firimitive  formation. 

The  rivers  which  descend  from  these  mountains,  are  an- 
other striking  characteristic.  The  St.  Lawrence,  the  Hud- 
son, the  Susquehanna,  Ohio,  and  Missisippi ;  whether  we 
consider  the  length  of  their  course,  or  the  quantity  of  their 
water,  may  vie  with  any  in  the  old  world. 

Our  lakes  are  no  less  conspicuous  and  peculiar  than  our 
rivers  and  mountains.  Huron  and  Superior,  Ontario  and 
Erie,  are  without  rivals,  and  almost  without  resemblance, 
in  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

Now  it  is  lo  be  remembered  that  the  banks  of  rivers,  the 
bases  of  mountains,  and  the  margin  of  lakes,  are  always 
sought  after  by  the  Botanist,  as  particularly  favorable  to  his 
researches. 

The  soil  at  the  base  of  our  mountains  towards  thte  Atlan- 
tic, is  generally  composed  of  a  rich  mould,  from  two  to  four 
feet  in  depth.  Nearer  the  ocean  a  clay  soil,  mixed  with 
loom  seems  to  predominate.* 

*  Ru&li's  Medical  Enquiries  and  Observations — also  Proud's  Histo- 
ry of  Pennsylvania. 


e 

That  portion  of  land,  which  forms  the  soil  of  most  of  the 
states  included  between  the  sea  and  the  ridg'e  of  hills  Avhich 
extends  westerly  from  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  New- 
York,  round  the  rivers  Patapsco  and  James,  to  the  Roanoak 
in  South-Carolina,  is.generally  loose  in  its  texture  and  rich 
in  its  composition.  It  was  perhaps  formed  later  than  most 
of  the  other  country,  being  in  many  places  manifestly  allu- 
vial, from  the  surrounding  heights.  This  region  of  ground 
is  intersected  by  numerous  streams  of  water,  on  the  banks 
of  which  a  multitude  of  herbs  and  shrubs  are  found,  that 
were  thought  to  grow  only  in  the  upland  country.  In  other 
parts  of  this  tract,  plants  are  seen  which  were  supposed  na- 
tives only  of  the  southern  states.  Thus  in  the  lower  parts 
of  New-Jersey,  Euphorbia  Ipecacuanha  has  lately  been  dis- 
covered. 

My  purpose  does  not  require  a  particular  description  of 
the  nature  of  the  soil  in  every  portion  of  the  country.  It  is 
sufficient  to  state  that  it  is  generally  fertile. 

Take  now,  in  connexion  with  the  statement  just  made,  an 
extract  from  Wildenow's  PrinciplesofBotany  and  Vegetable 
Physiology.  "  We  find  (says  he)  that  mountainous  coun- 
tries are  richer  in  plants  than  flat  countries,  and  that  in  prim- 
itive mountains  the  number  of  plants  exceeds  that  of  the 
floetz  mountains.  A  country  of  primitive  rocks  has  plants, 
which  other  mountainous  countries  do  not  possess.  In  all 
plains  of  the  same  latitude,  however  far  they  may  extend,  the  . 
same  plants  always  occur;  only  with  some  little  varieties 
dependant  on  difference  of  soil.  In  primitive  rocks,  and  at 
their  foot,  we  again  meet  with  all  the  plants  of  flat  countries. 
Whenever  primitive  rocks  surround  a  flat  country,  we  find 
all  the  plants  of  this  at  their  root,  and  even  at  their  summits  ; 
but  after  ascending,  and  descending  on  their  opposite  side, 
we  find  a  diff'erent  vegetation,  which  again  extends  as  far  as 
the  next  mountainous  chain.  Now,  who  will  doubt  that  aU 
the  plants  of  flat  countries  which  were  found  at  a  later  perif 
6d,  came  from  the  high  mountains  ;  and  that  the  primitive 
mountains  of  our  globe,  were  the  chief  sources,  as  it  were,  of 


the  Aoras  of  the  different  countries.  Hence  America  is  so 
full  of  plants,  because  from  the  North  Pole  to  the  South) 
high  mountaineous  chains,  with  numberless  intermediate 
branches,  intersect  it.  Hence  Canada  produces  different 
plants  from  Pennsylvania,  this  again  from  Virginia,  and  this 
again  produces  different  from  Carolina.  Hence  the  North- 
West  coast  of  North  America  produces  plants  which  totally 
differ  from  those  of  the  North-East  coast."* 

The  influence  of  mountains,  lakes  and  extensive  forests, 
on  the  climate  of  a  country,  is  well  ascertained  ;  and  since 
we  are  peculiar  in  all  these  respects,  our  climate  will  of 
course  be  peculiar  also.  But  it  is  impracticable  to  give 
a  description  of  all  the  peculiarities  of  our  climate,  produc- 
ed by  local  circumstances.  The  general  prevalence  of  cold, 
however  must  not  be  unnoticed.  Its  power  on  the  Western 
continent  is  not  confined  by  the  limits  of  the  frigid,  or  the 
temperate  zone.  It  even  mitigates,  by  its  influence,  the  ex- 
cessive heat  of  the  torrid  zone.  In  the  same  parallels  of 
latitude,  on  the  Eastern  continent,  winter  is  scarcely  felt, 
while  in  America  its  rigor  is  extreme.  On  the  contrary,  the 
sultry  plains  of  Asia,  and  the  burning  sands  of  the  African 
desert,  have  no  counterparts  in  America.  Our  summer 
months  indeed  are  frequently  warm,t  biit  their  warmth,  like 
the  cold  of  v/inter,  is  not  lasting.:^  This  influence  of  cold  on 
the  American  continent,  with  the  frequency  and  violence  of 
our  thunder  storms,  and  the  sudden  change  of  air  after  them, 
may  be  the  causes  why  we  abound  more  in  biennial  and  pe- 
rennial plants,  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

It  is  at  least  the  general  opinion,§  that  the  weather  of  the 
United  States  is  more  changeable,  and  less  severe,  than  for- 
merly ;  occasioned  by  the  diminution  of  forests,  the  drain- 
ing of  swamps, and  the  improvements  of  agriculture.     If  the 

♦  Wildenow's  Botany,  &c.  page  382 — the  English  translation. 

-j-  In  July  1812,  lat.  42  1-2,  Far.  Tliermometer  stood  at  96°. 

t  See  some  interestint^  notices  on  this  subject  in  vol.  2d  of  Robert- 
son's History  of  America,  and  Piiikerton's  Geog. 

§  I  am  well  informed  tliat  the  late  Dr.  liittenhouse  (a  high  author- 
ity certainly)  was  decidedly  opposed  to  this  opinion. 

B 


10 

fact  be  so,  it  will  have  at  least  a  gradual  influence  on  tlwi 
vegetation  of  the  country.* 

As  the  plants  of  this  country,  which  are  generally  kno\m^ 
may  be  found  in  catalogues  formed  on  purpose  to  embrace 
them,  I  shall  notice  them  but  slightly  and  imperfectly,  in 
mentioning  some  vegetable  productions  for  the  illustration 
of  the  point  before  us. 

The  forest  trees  in  North  America  are  almost  beyond 
number.  Those  which  are  already  arranged  and  classified, 
amount  to  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifiy  species,  while 
in  all  Europe,  botanists  reckon  but  forty. f  The  Chesnut,  the 
Walnut,  the  Hickory  and  Gum,  here  grow  to  an  enormous 
bulk,  and  are  nearly  of  every  species.  The  Elm,  the  Pop- 
lar, the  Beech,  the  Maple  and  the  mountain  Ash,  are  very 
common  ;  and  both  for  size  and  beauty  are  no  where  ex- 
celled. Many  varieties  of  the  Oak  are  here  profusely  plant- 
ed by  the  hand  of  nature.  Our  sandy  tracts,  unlike  the 
wastes  of  Zaara  or  Arabia,  are  quite  productive.  Here 
flourisiies  the  Pine  in  all  its  varieties,  the  Plemlock,  Spruce 
and  Juniper,  the  Cedar,  the  Fir,  and  a  species  of  the  Larch. 

Among  the  smaller  plants  may  be  found  the  Geranium, 
Ceanthus,Gu!ths:ria  procumbens,  Monarda,  Cunilla  and  Soli- 
dago  Odoi'ia,  most  of  which  are  frequently  substituted  for 
tea.  The  Lobelia  cardinalis,  the  Aster,  Syringa,  and  many 
beautiful  species  of  the  Lonicera  or  Honeysuckle,  which 
spread  their  flowery  garlands  from  tree  to  tree. — The  Phlc- 
um,  Avena  Elatior,  Myosotis,  Sinosurus,  Aira,  Briza,  Draba, 
and  the  far  famed  Agrostis — The"'Galium,  the  Sanguisorba, 
the  Quercitron  Oak,  the  Sophora,  and  the  Rhus  Toxicoden- 
dron, may  be  mentioned  as  some  of  our  vegetable  dyes. 

*  The  number  of  swamps  in  tlie  United  Stales,  and  which 
frequently  occupy  a  large  and  valuable  extent  of  country,  might  ea- 
sily be  converted  into  productive  soil,  by  strewing-  lime  over  them— 
The  putrid  effluvia  which  they  exhale  is  destroyed  by  this  process, 
and  the  decaying  vegetable  matter,  is  reduced  to  a  solid  fertile  mould. 
Linnxus  first  suggested  this  plan,  and  in  England  many  of  the  fens 
and  bogs  are  made  to  yield  abundantly.  The  practice  is  the  liming 
of  swamps. 

f  Michxux — Med.  Repos. 


11 

Jn  the  Southern  States  we  find  the  lofty  Palmetto,  the 
Papaw  Fig,  the  great  Magnolia,  and  the  Mangrove  tree,  the 
only  shrubby  plant  that  can  flourish  in  salt  water. 

Mr.  Pinkerton,  when  speaking  of  the  Botany  of  this  coun- 
try, observes  perhaps  with  more  elegance  than  correctness, 
that "  the  glories  of  the  American  Flora  are  principally  con- 
fined to  Virginia  and  the  Southern  States.  It  is  here  that 
the  unfadmg  verdure  of  the  wide  savannas,  the  solemn  mag- 
nificence of  primeval  forests,  and  the  wild  luxuriance  of  the 
steaixiing  swamps,  offer  to  the  astonished  admiration  of  the 
Botanist,  every  thing  that  by  colour,  by  fragrance,  or  by  form, 
can  delight  the  senses  or  fix  the  attention."  In  this  part  of 
the  country  on  the  level  of  plains  by  the  sides  of  the  rivers, 
grow  '•  the  Magnolia  glauca  or  Beaver  tree,  American  Olive, 
and  Gordonia  Lasianthus,  silvered  over  with  fragrant  blos- 
soms, with  numerous  species  of  Azalias,  Kalmias,  Rhodo- 
dendrons, arranged  by  the  hand  of  nature  into  thickets  and 
shrubberies,  entwined  and  overarched  by  the  crimson  Grana- 
dillas  and  the  fantastic  Ciitoria,he.re  display  their  inimitable 
beauties  in  full  perfection.  The  sides  of  the  pools  and  the 
shallow  plashes,  are  adorned  ty  the  bright  coirulian  flowers 
of  the  Axia,  the  golden  blossoms  of  the  Canna  Lutea  or  the 
rosy  tufts  of  the  Hydrangia,  while  the  edges  of  the  groves 
and  the  dubious  boundaries  of  the  savannas,  rising  imper- 
ceptibly towards  the  forests,  are  fringed  by  innumerable  gay 
varieties  of  the  Phlox,  by  the  shrinking  Sensitive  plant,  the 
irritable  Dionaea,  the  glowing  Amarillis  Atamasco  and  the 
impenetrable  ranks  of  the  Royal  Palmetto. 

The  Botanist  will  find  that  many  of  the  plants  mentioned 
by  this  florid  writer,  are  met  with  in  most  of  the  other  states. 

Our  mountainous  ridges  and  our  sea  coast,  are  very  pro- 
lific in  Cryptogamic  vegetables.  The  Equisinum,  the  Os- 
munda,  Polypodium,  Adianthum,  Onoclea  and  Bryum,  are 
some  of  the  ferns  and  mosses.  The  Lichen,  Tremella,  with 
many  species  of  Jungermania  and  Marchantia,  are  the  sea 
weeds  or  Algae,  and  the  Boletus,  Clavaria,  and  Lycoperdon, 
are  the  Mushrooms  or  Fungi. 


But  in  addition  to  advantages  which  are  peculiarly  our 
own,  we  have  many  in  common  with  Europe.  The  affinity, 
in  some  particulars  of  our  climates,  to  those  of  Europe,  gives 
us  most  of  their  productions.  It  is  owing,  indeed,  to  this 
circumstance,  and  to  the  easy  and  continual  intercourse  be- 
tween the  two  continents,  that  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to 
distinguish  those  plants,  which  are  indigenous  to  our  soil, 
from  those  which  are  only  naturalized,  and  which  grow  spon- 
taneously after  their  adoption.  The  fact  is  worth  observa- 
tion, that  some  vegetables  grow  with  more  luxuriance,  and 
arrive  at  a  greater  apparent  perfection,  when  removed  to  a 
soil  and  climate,  differing  considerably  from  that  in  which 
they  were  formed  in  their  native  state.  Thus  the  potatoe 
(Solanum  tuberosum)  in  the  year  1565,  was  first  introduced 
from  this  country  into  Ireland,  and  thence,  by  a  fortunate 
shipwreck,  into  Lancashire  in  England,  in  both  of  which  pla- 
ces it  thrives  better  than  in  America.*  If  the  agriculturist 
would  take  advantage  of  such  facts,  many  articles  which  at 
present  are  imported  might  probably  be  made  staple  com- 
modities. 

Having  now  pointed  your  attention  to  some  of  the  pecul- 
iar advantages  which  we  possess  for  botanical  enquiries  and 
improvements, and  noticed  a  little, the  variety  and  abundance 
of  our  vegetable  productions,  the  remainder  of  this  address 
will  be  employed  in  remai'ks,  more  appropriate  to  this  occa- 
sion :  on  a  number  of  plants  in  our  country,  which  claim  par- 
ticular attention  from  the  agriculturist,  the  manufacturer, 
the  artist,  and  the  physician.  And  you  will  please  to  re- 
member that  as  practical  utility,  more  than  recondite  sci- 
ence, is  the  leading  object  of  our  society,  I  ought  not  to 
hesitate  to  throw  out  a  number  of  observations,  and  to  in- 
dulge in  some  diffuseness,  which  might  otherwise  be  im- 
proper. 

As  there  arc  are  many  vegetable  productions,  which  seem 

♦  Those  who  wish  to  investigate  this  subject  will  find  much  infor- 
mation in  the  Medical  Repository,  and  in  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  commu- 
nication to  the  American  Philosophical  Society. 


13 

naturally  adapted  to  our  country,  and  which  have  as  yet  re- 
ceived but  little  attention,  the  labour  of  the  farmer  would 
certainly  be  employed  to  the  best  advantage  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  them.     Of  these  I  shall  notice  a  few. 

The  Sinapis  or  Mustard  is  a  plant,  which  might  yield  no 
trifling  profit  to  the  American  cultivator.  Small  clusters  of 
it  are  seen  growing  in  our  fields  and  gardens  ;  but  whether  it 
is  a  native  of  the  country,  or  merely  the  fruit  of  chance,  I  am 
not  able  to  determine.  In  some  catalogues,  however,  it  is 
marked  as  an  exotic  ;  but  our  climate  is  congenial  to  its 
habit,  and  almost  every  soil  is  adapted  to  its  growth.  A  gen- 
tleman from  Orange  county,  in  this  state,  has  informed  me, 
that  he  collected  from  half  an  acre  of  but  tolerable  land,  four- 
teen bushels  of  the  seed,  which  he  believed  equal  in  quality 
to  that  of  the  Sinapis  Arvensis,  commonly  known  by  the 
name  of  Durham  mustard.  There  are  many  species  of  this 
herb,  but  it  would  be  well  for  the  cultivator  to  confine  his 
attention  to  the  one  just  mentioned,  the  seed  of  which  is  more 
abundant  and  of  a  better  quality  than  in  the  other  kinds.  The 
high  price  given  for  imported  mustard,  and  the  facility  with 
Avhich  it  can  be  raised,  induce  a  belief  that  farmers  general- 
ly might  find  their  account  in  making  it  an  article  of  culture 
and  traffic. 

The  curious  and  beautiful  Candle  Berry  Myrtle  (Myrica 
Ccerifera)  is  very  abundant  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States. 
The  wax  which  this  tree  yields  would  amply  compensate 
the  trouble  of  obtaining  it.  In  Maryland,  on  the  shores  of 
the  Chesapeake,  and  near  most  of  the  streams  which  flow  in- 
to that  bay,  it  is  found  in  large  quantities.  It  is  also  scat- 
tered over  this  state  growing  in  a  wet  soil,  and  very  rarely 
exceeding  five  or  six  feet  in  height.  The  plant,  however, 
is  not  confined  to  marshy  grounds.  I  have  seen  it  on  up- 
land  in  Connecticut,  rising  to  the  height  of  10  or  12  feet. 
This  species  indeed  is  rarely  seen,  and  the  berries  are  not  so 
abundant  in  this  as  in  the  other  kinds.*     In  Louisiana  there 


♦  I  rather  think  the  Connecticut  Myrtle  wax  tree  is  only  a  variety 
ef  the  species  which  is  found  in  a  wet  soil. 


14 

is  another  species  of  this  tree  as  large  as  the  Cherry,  bear- 
ing pointed  leaves*  (MyricaCseriferaAngustifolia);  those  of 
the  other  being  broader  and  more  obtuse  (Myrica  Caerifera 
LatifoIia.)t  In  France  the  Myrtle  is  cultivated  for  its  wax,j 
•which  is  prepared  by  simply  boiling  the  berries  in  Avater; 
the  wax  rising  to  the  top  of  the  vessel.  It  is  apt  to  be  of 
a  pale  green  colour,  which  is  not  reckoned  handsome. 
This  however  may  probably  be  renicdied  by  tlirowing  some 
alkali  into  the  boiling  water,  which  will  convert  the  wax 
into  a  deep  green.  The  experiment  indeed  I  have  not  at- 
tempted, but  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  its  success.  By 
chemical  agents  it  is  probable  that  almost  any  colour  may 
be  given  to  this  wax.  From  four  pounds  of  the  berries,  one 
pound  of  wax  is  obtained,  superior  in  quality,  and  applica- 
ble to  all  the  purposes  of  bee's  Avax.  Candles  made  of  it 
afford   a   clear  white    flame  ;   and  if  burned  newly  made, 

tiiey  emit  an  agreeable,  and  it  is  said  a  salubrious  odour ,- 

Should  the  Myrtle  wax  excite  proper  attention  it  might  be 
highly  advantageous  to  medicine  as  well  as  to  the  arts.§ 

The  Papaver  or  Poppyll  for  the  variety  of  its  species  and 
the  richness  of  its  colours  is  not  exceeded  by  any  of  the 
garden  flowers.  The  petals  both  of  the  single  and  double 
kind  are  ornamented  with  every  shade  of  crimson,  yellow 
and  purple  ;  and  hence  we  find  it  prized  in  this  country 
more  for  its  beauty  than  its  inherent  virtues.  It  begins 
however  to  receive  some  attention  for  its  medicinal  qualities 
in   many  parts  of   the   country— In  our  neighborhood,  at 


•  Medical  Repos.  vol.  12,  p.  191. 

f  Two  varieties  of  this  tree  are  found  at  the  C^e  of  Good  Hope. 
Barrow's  Tour  in  Africa,  p.  18,  Ana.  ed. 

*  Medical  Repos.  vol.  12,  p.  192. 

§  For  the  nvedicinal  qualities  of  the  Myrtle  wax,  see  Barton's  Col- 
lections, part  2,  p.  4 — and  for  experiments  on  Its  analysis.  Dr.  Bos- 
tick's  Memoir  in  Nicholson's  Journal,  March,  1803 — and  for  the 
mode  of  propagating-  the  tree  and  manufacturing'  the  wax,  C.  L.  Ca- 
det's Account,  Nicholson's  Jour.  vol.  4th. 

IT  This  article  might  perhaps  with  more  propriety  be  inserted  in 
the  list  of  medical  plants,  bnt  as  an  important  agricultural  object  \ 
liave  thought  proper  to  place  it  here. 


15 

Niskeuna  and  Lebanon,  the  Society  of  Shakers  raise  th^ 
Papaver  Somniferum  ;  and  ihey  have  supplied  this  city,  for 
a  short  time,  with  opiam,  some  of  which  was  little  inferior 
in  quality  to  that  imported  from  the  Levant  or  the  East-In- 
dies. Dr.  Rickertson,  of  Dutchess  county  in  this  state, 
also  cultivated  the  Poppy  to  advantage.  From  one  plant 
he  procured  seven  grains  of  opium.  A  particular  account 
of  his  success  will  be  found  in  the  first  volume  of  our 
Transactions.*  As  farnortli  as  New-Hampshire,  Dr.  Spald- 
ing, prepared  this  gum  from  the  true  Opium  Poppy 
(Papaver  Album)  and  also  from  the  common  Poppy  of  the 
garden. t  These  experiments  are  sufficient  to  prove  the 
readiness  with  which  this  plant  may  be  raised,  in  almost 
any  part  of  the  country,  and  the  valuable  addition  it 
would  make  to  our  domestic  resources  will  not  be  ques- 
tioned. 

.Opium,  which  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  Poppy,  is 
gathered  from  the  capsules,  before,  or  at  the  time  they  are 
fully  ripe,  by  making  four  or  five  longitudinal  incisions  in 
them,  from  the  stalk  of  the  plant  upwards — Care  must  be 
taken  not  to  penetrate  the  cavity  of  the  seed  vessels. — ' 
Opium  may  also  be  obtained  by  pounding  the  dried  leaves, 
stems  and  capsules,  boiling  them,  when  pulverised,  in  wa- 
ter, and  then  evaporating  and  cleansing  the  mixture.:}: 

Opium  has  also  been  extracted  from  the.  common  Let- 
tuce, (Lactuca  Sativa)  simply  by  evaporating  the  juice  of 
the  plant.  Eight  heads  of  full  grown  Lettuce  yielded,  in 
one  instance,  seven  drachms  of  Opium.  Hops  also  contain 
a  large  quantity  of  the  narcotic  principle,  and  the  extract 
of  Hops  is  now  in  use  in  some  places  as  an  anodyne.  In- 
deed we  abound  in  every  species  of  anodyne  plants,  and 
the  country  physician,  with  a  little  care,  might  supply 
himself  with  opiates  from  his  o.vn  garden. 


*  Agricultural  Transactions,  vol.  1st,  p.  264. 
f  Med.  Rcpos.  vol.  13  p   193      Archives,  vol  2.  p.  177. 
4  For  a  particular  account  of  this  method  of  eitractiny  Opium  see 
Archives  of  Knowled^je,  vol.  2nd,  pag'.;  169. 


16 

But  I  must  observe  that  the  Opium  of  the  Poppy  is  Hot 
the  only  benefit  which  its  cultivation  would  afford — From 
the  seeds  an  oil  may  be  extracted  as  salubrious  and  agree- 
able as  the  finest  Florence  oil— The  quantity  of  this  oil 
which  is  consumed,  and  the  frequent  difficulties  which 
attend  its  importation,  would  make  the  extraction  of  it  from 
the  Poppy  a  lucrative  employment.*  I  am  glad  to  state 
that  in  Pennsylvania  some  acres  of  ground  are  planted  with 
the  Poppy  for  this  purpose.  As  the  quality  of  the  Olive 
oil  is  much  affected  by  the  acidity  or  richness  of  the  soil  in 
which  the  plant  gro\ys,  it  would  be  well  to  notice  these 
circumstances  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Papaver.j-  It  is 
hardly  necessary  to  add  that  the  opium  and  the  oil  may 
both  be  extracted  from  the  same  plant. 

Large  quantities  of  Sugar  are  annually  extracted  from 
the  Maple  tree,  (Acer  Sacharinum)  in  many  parts  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  ;  and  the  subject  has  already  received  the  atten- 
tion of  some  writers. ^:  I  shall  therefore  in  this  place  notice 
only  the  Sugar  Cane,   (Sacharum  Officinarum)  this  was 


*  There  have  been  many  doubts  suggested  respecting  the  whole- 
some qualities  of  this  oil — but  the  question  that  it  is  not  deleterious 
is  now  settled— See  the  Abbe  Hosier's  experiments,  quoted  in  Ar- 
chives, vol.  2,  p.  176.. 

f  At  Harmony,  half  a  day's  ride  from  Pittsburgli,  (botlx  places 
objects  of  very  great  interest)  the  settlers,  use  oil  expressed  from 
the  poppy  seed,  exclusively,  in  lieu  of  olive  oil  for  sallads,  &c.  It  is 
nearly,  if  not  quite  equally  good.  This  oil  is  becoming  common  in 
Europe  as  a  substitute  for  olive  oil.  Tlie  poppy  seed,  may  be  eaten 
with  impunity  when  ripe.  I  do  not  see  why  its  use  should  be  con- 
fined to  the  settlement  of  Harmony.  The  Ben,  Bene,  or  Benni  Seed 
common  in  the  Carolinas,  can  furnish,  as  I  am  informed,  oil  enough 
to  supply  the  United  States  at  a  cheap  rate  I  have  eaten  the  oil  of 
tlie  Ben  or  Behen  nut  in  England,  and  I  find  no  difference  between  it, 
and  the  olive  oil.  Why  should  this  last  be  imported  ?  But  I  doubt 
whether  the  Ben  or  Behen  nut  be  the  same  with  the  Benni  seed.  I 
suspect  this  last  to  be  the  Sesamum  ;  but  I  have  never  seen  it.  The 
Behen  nut,  Glans  unguentarius,  Baleiios  vmrepsiki,  is  the  fruit  of  the 
Gnilandina  Monnga.  The  oil  is  prepared  in  the  I^evant,  in  Egypt, 
in  Syria,  and  in  Italy,  by  expression.  It  is  valuable  for  its  purity, 
and  its  freedom  from  smell  and  taste,  and  for  its  property  of  remain- 
ing long  without  alteration  or  rancidity,  which  makes  it  extremely 
valuable  in  pharmaceutical  preparations.     Rees*  Encyclopedia. 

+  See  American  Philo.  Trans,  for  an  important  paper  on  the  Maple 
tree— By  Dr.  B.  Rush. 


17 

introduced  into  Georgia  a  few  years  since  and  has  been 
found  to  grow  there  in  great  perfection.*  The  sacharine 
matter  of  the  Georgia  cane  is  quite  as  rich  and  plentiful  as 
that  from  the  cane  of  the  West-Indies.  It  is  supposed 
that  most  of  the  land  in  that  state  near  the  coast,  south  of 
Bunbury,  may  be  converted  into  sugar  plantations  ;  and 
since  it  is  pretty  well  ascertained  that  more  cotton  is  raised 
than  the  manufactories  of  that  article  consume,  the  sugar 
cane  might  be  advantageously  substituted  for  it.f  The 
interests  of  humanity,  however,  would  not  be  advanced 
by  the  exchange,  as  they  employ  more  slaves  to  make  the 
sugar  than  to  cultivate  tlie  cotton. 

The  Fiorin  Grass,  or  Agrostis  Stolonifera,  is  a  native  of 
the  United  State34  Our  fellow  member,  Charles  Whitlow, 
first  discovered  it  in  Sussex  county,  New-Jersey,  and  after- 
wards on  the  margin  of  the  Genesee  river^It  grows  also 
in  great  profusion  on  the  island  below  this  city.§  Dr. 
Mease  mentions  that  he  found  it  on  the  commons  of 
Philadelphia.  This  I  believe  to  be  incorrect.  It  is  the  Agros- 
tis Capillaris,!  and  not  the  Stolonifera,  which  is  seen  in  that 
place. 

The  Fiorin  Grass  has  excited  much  attention  in  this 
country,  since  the  introduction  of  Merino  Sheep;  these 
animals  being  remarkably  fond  of  it,  and  the  grass,  from  its 
succulent  qualities,  being  well  adapted  for  their  fodder — 
Indeed  most  cattle  prefer  it  as  food  to  the  other  grasses  ; 
and  it  is  particularly  proper  for  cows,  as  it  is  s£ud  to  increase 
the  quantity  and  to  improve  the  quality  of  their  milk. 

The  advantages  in  agriculture  of  the  Agrostis  are  of  no 


♦  Medical  Repos.  vol.  12,  p.  192. 

f  Dr.  Mease  recommends  the  raising  of  the  papaver  in  room  of  the 
cotton. 

+  There  are  six  species  of  the  Agrostis  mentioned  by  Dr.  Muhlen- 
berg as  natives  of  this  country,  two  of  these  are  new  species — the 
Capillaris  is  among  the  number  but  not  the  Stolonifera — See  Muh- 
lenberg's Florsc  Lancastriensis  in  American  Philoso.  Trans,  vol.  3, 
p.  160. 

§  On  this  island  is  found  the  Arena  elatior  and  in  the  small  com- 
pass of  6  feet  I  have  seen  6  or  8  different  species  of  grass. 

<[  Archives  of  Useful  Knowledge,  vol,  2,  p.  278. 
C 


recent  date.  Thfere  is  a  Speties  of  it  called  Durva,  grow- 
ing in  the  North  of  India,  which  for  a  long  time  has  been 
very  greatly  prized.  Sir  William  Jones  in  his  catalogue 
6f  Indiah  plants,  when  speaking  of  this,  observes  "  its 
flowers  in  their  perfect  state  are  among  the  loveliest  objects 
in  th6  Vt^table  world,  and  appear  through  a  fens  like  mi- 
nut*  Vubles  and  emerialds,  in  constant  motion  from  the  least 
breath  of  air— ^It  is  the  sWeetest  and  most  nutritious  pas- 
ture for  cattle,  and  its  usfefulness,  added  to  its  beauty, 
induced  the  Hindus  in  Ibeir  earliest  ages,  to  believe  it  the 
ftiansion  of  a  benevolent  nymph.  Even  the  Veda  (or  holy 
And  immortal  book)  celebrates  it  in  the  following  tejtt  frofti 
the  Athfervana.*  "  May  Duvvi  which  rose  from  the  water 
©f  life,  which  has  a  hundred  roots  and  a  hundred  stems, 
effA6ife  A  huttdred  of  my  sins  artd  prolong  my  existence  on 
frarth  a  hundi-ed  years."! 

Among  the  many  superior  qualities  of  the  Fiorlo  Gra'ss 
ate  tlve  following — ^Its  active  principle  of  life,  which  is  twt 
destroyed  by  the  operations  of  nature  fatal  to  other  grasses 
—It  thrives  equally  well  in  a  moist,  a  dry,  and  a  shallow 
Soil— It  appears  little  affected  by  the  influence  of  the  sUH'-^ 
fience  it  may  be  found  growing  near  the  north  side  of  a 
'^vall' — It  is  regardless  alike  of  the  severe  cold  of  winter, 
«nd  the  intense  heat  of  summer-^Its  crops  are  enormous 
and  double,  both  crops,  in  one  instance,  amounted  to  nearly 
eight  tons  and  a  half  per  acre,!  and  in  another  ten  tons 
were  gathered. § 

The  propagation,  culture  and  properties  of  the  Fiorin 
Grass  have  been  unhappily  exaggerated  by  the  lovers  of 
new  improvements ;  who,  not  satisfied  with  advantages 
which  are  really  peculiar,  attribute  to  this  herb  every  fan- 
cied desideratum — Yet,  after  making  sufficient  allowances 
ftii  this  scoi^e,  the  Fk>rin  O^ass  has  uhquestiohably  many 


*  The  fourth  grfeat  division  of  the  Veda. 
f  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  1st,  p.  307. 
i  Archives  of  Knowledge,  vol.  2)  p.  2T3\ 
§  See  Edinburgh  Farmer's  Magazine. 


If 

excellencies)  which  ought  to  give  it  the  highest  standing  in 
this  class  of  vegetables. 

The  sea  weeds  which  are  seen  in  such  quantities  along 
our  coasts,  might  be  turned  to  great  account ;  and  this  por- 
tion of  Qur  territory  which  has  been  resigned  to  hofttlets 
sterility,  may  thus  be  rendered  productive.*  Every  rock 
and  island  near  the  Atlantic  is  covered  with  the  Cryptogamia 
Algae,  which  by  calcination  is  converted  into  kelp  a  salt  es- 
teemed at  a  much  higher  rate  than  the  pearl  ash  in  its  pur- 
est foriB.t  Kelp  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  glass, 
alum  and  hard  soap.  The  only  use  made  of  the  sea  weed 
at  present  is  for  manure,  which  is  scattered  loosely  over  the 
ground,  just  in  the  state  in  which  it  is  taken  frona  the  sea 
abore  after  a  storm. 

Barrilla  which  is  made  in  the  same  manner  as  kelp,  and 
employed  for  the  same  purposes,  is  procured  from  the  Cryp. 
togamia  Filices  or  ferns,  which  grow  not  only  along  the  coast 
but  in  the  upland  country.  The  state  of  New-Jersey  is 
isoted  for  the  production  of  thera. 

Kelp  and  Barrilla  are  made  by  burning  the  plants  in  kilns, 
so  that  no  air  can  approach  them  during  their  calcination. f 
It  is  somewhat  singular  that  these  articles  have  not  been 
made  the  subject  of  comn^rce  by  the  enterprising  people 
of  New-England. 

The  Urtica  Whitlowi,  discovered  in  die  year  1810,  by 
Mr.  Whitlow,  promises  to  be  a  better  and  more  lucrative 
production  than  hemp  or  flax.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  gave  this 
important  plant  its  present  name  in  compliment  to  the  dis- 
coverer. It  is  found  in  great  abundance  on  the  island  be- 
low this  city — a  place  perhaps  more  fertile  in  plants,  than 
any  other,  of  equal  dimensions,  in  the  United  States. 

The  fact  is  now  well  established,  that  the  culture  of  hemp 
offers  a  greater  profit  to  the  farmer,  than  if  he  should  em- 
ploy his  time,  his  labour,  and  his  field  in  any  other  manner 

*  See  National  Arithmetic,  er  (H>aerv«t)ons  OQ  th«  Fiflances  of 
Massachusetts,  chap.  5tb. 
■\  Tucker  on  Commerce. 
\  Chambers  on  Glass  and  Soap  Making'. 


so 

heretofore  known— but  if  the  Urtica  has  a  finer  and  strong- 
er fibre,  and  will  produce  more  on  a  given  portion  of  land, 
it  will  eventually  supercede  the  hemp. 

The  soil  best  adapted  to  the  Urtica  is  wet  meadow  land  j 
and  it  will  thrive  in  ground  covered  with  water  many  montlis 
in  the  year.  It  grows  also  to  advantage  in  a  rich,  moistj 
upland  loom.  It  can  be  raised  from  the  seed  or  root,  as  it  is 
a  hardy  perennial.  The  seed  should  be  planted  in  the 
spring,  and  the  roots  in  the  fall  months.  If  the  fibre  is 
wanted  for  the  finest  fabrics,  the  plant  should  be  cut  while 
in  full  flower  ;  but  if  only  for  common  use,  it  will  yield  more 
by  standing  till  completely  ripe.  After  being  cradled, 
which  is  the  most  proper  way  to  cut  it,  the  stalk  should  be 
suffered  to  lie  on  the  ground  some  days,  as  the  stinging 
quality  which  is  peculiar  to  the  growing  nettle,  is  thus  re- 
moved. The  Urtica  is  rotted  in  the  same  manner  as  hemp, 
only  it  requires  a  longer  time  for  the  purpose :  But  it  is  not 
affected  by  the  inclemency  of  the  weather. 

The  legislature  of  this  state  at  their  last  session  incorpo- 
rated a  company  for  the  manufacture  of  this  plant,  and  the 
United  States  have  granted  a  patent  to  Mr.  Whitlow  for  its 
discovery.* 

While  on  the  subject  of  vegetable  fibre,  it  is  proper 
to  mention  the  Asclepiasf  and  the  Apocynura  Cannabi- 
num,  both  of  which  grow  very  luxuriantly  on  the  isl- 
and in  our  neighborhood,  already  mentioned.  The  fibres 
of  these  plants  are  very  strong  and  very  numerous  ;  and 
may,  with  little  trouble,  be  converted  to  many  domestic 
purposes.  For  coarse  cordage  or  family  cloth  it  can  be 
used  almost  in  the  state  in  which  it  is  taken  from  the  stalk. 
The  common  Asclepias,  or  Milkweed,  may  be  employed  for 

♦  For  many  interesting  particulars  respecting  the  cultivation  of  this 
valuable  nettle,  examine  a  paper  published  by  the  corporation  of  the 
city  of  New-York,  and  the  Baltimore  Medical  and  Philosophical  Ly- 
ceum. 

.  ■}■  Two  new  species  of  Asclepias  were  discovered  in  this  state  last 
summer  by  Mr.  Whitlow,  and  a  patent  has  been  taken  from  th^  office 
for  the  mttmifijcture  of  the  staple. 


21 

the  purposes  just  mentioned  ;  but  there  is  a  newly  discov- 
ered species  having  much  smaller  leaves  than  the  other, 
and  growing  nearly  in  the  same  plenty,  which  will  be  found 
to  answer  better.*  The  silk,  or  cotton  taken  from  the  pods 
pf  the  Asclepias  when  ripe,  has  been  manufactured  into 
hats,  and  has  also  been  spun  into  yarn  of  which  cloth  has 
been  made,  which  vies  with  silk  in  lustre. f 

The  advantages  of  introducing  into  this  country  the  culti- 
vation of  the  Vine  have  been  frequently  and  strikingly  ex- 
hibited. I  shall  only  mention  that  a  colony  of  enterprising 
Swiss,  who  settled  in  tlie  Indiana  Territory,  have  plant- 
ed vineyards  of  the  Bordeaux,  Madeira  and  other  grapes  ; 
j^nd  they  have  sent  from  their  wine  presses  last  season  large 
quantities  of  claret,  not  Inferior  to  that  imported  from  France. 
By  an  advertisement  in  a  newspaper  published  at  Cincinna- 
ti, in  the  state  of  Ohio,  it  appears  that  a  merchant  of  that 
|Nace  has  a  large  supply  of  this  red  wine  for  sale  ;  and  that 
a  quantity  of  Madeira  is  expected  from  the  vineyards  to 
which  I  have  referred. t  § 

Though  not  critically  proper  in  a  discussion  on  "botany,  I 
may  be  allowed  the  liberty  of  introducing  in  this  place  a 
few  observations  on  some  colouring  vegetables.  The  late 
discovery  of  the  Zanlhorrhiza  tinctoria  in  the  United  States 
promises  to  be  extensively  useful.  This  shrub  is  found  on 
the  Alleghany  ridge  from  Virginia  to  Georgia,  and  it  prob- 
ably may  be  found  on  most  of  the  upland  country.  The  ex- 
tract or  even  decoction  of  the  whole  plant,  forms  a  fine  yel- 
low dye,  which  may  be  varied  by  saturation  or  dilution,  from 
the  brightest  straw  colour  to  the  deepest  orange.  In  com- 
bination with  indigo  or  most  other  blues,  all  the  different 
shades  of  green  may  be  produced.  The  stain  which  it 
makes  on  cloth  is  not  apt  to  fade  or  wear  off,  and  it  may 


*This  Asclepias  has  been  sent  to  Dr.  Muhlenberg  for  a  name. 

fin  France  this  cotton  is  known  by  the  name  of  Virginia  ailk,  and 
coverlets,  stockings  and  gloves  are  made  of  it. 

t  See  Columbian,  by  Albany  Register,  July  18th,  1813. 

§  Anew  species  of  cluster  gooseberry  grows  on  the  Alleghany  ridge, 
Vfhich  yields  a  wine  nearly  equal  to  that  from  the  grape. 


33 

also  be  applied  without  using  any  mordant.  Specimens  of 
cloth  dyed  with  the  Zanthorrhiza  were  shewn  to  the  society 
last  winter.  This  plant  also  possesses  many  medical  vir- 
tues.* 

Isatis  Tinctoria,  or  Woad,  is  well  known  as  a  blue,  and 
still  better  as  the  basis  of  black.  The  colouring  matter  is 
obtained  from  the  leaves.  This  plant  can  be  raised  here 
with  little  trouble,  and  in  great  abundance.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood of  this  city  there  are  some  fields  planted  with  it. 
The  Isatis,  in  conjunction  with  the  Zanthorrhiza,  gives  us 
the  three  principal  dyes  in  colour  making. 

The  Galium  Tinctorium  is  also  one  of  our  native  plants. 
It  flourishes  most  in  places  sheltered  from  the  sun,  and 
where  the  ground  is  rather  moist.  This  plant  so  nearly  rcf 
sembles  the  Madder  (Rubia  Tinctorium)  in  its  botanical 
character,  as  well  as  in  its  colouring  properties,  that  some 
writers  have  given  it  the  name  of  Rubia  Americana.  The 
Galium  is  employed  by  tlie  inhabitants  of  Jura,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,!  as  a  red  dye,  and  it  is  perhaps  equal  to  the  rich 
red  of  the  Rubia  itself.  Upon  turning  over  the  pages  of  our 
transactions,  I  find  that  the  Galium  has  already  received 
your  attention  and  patronage4  The  true  Rubia  was  raised 
last  summer  at  Pittsfield  by  Mr.  E.  Watson,  who  will,  I  un- 
derstand, read  you  in  the  course  of  the  winter  a  paper  on 
this  article.  The  Rubia  has  for  a  long  time  been  raised  in 
Connecticut,  but  only  in  gardens.  I  understand  the  Sha- 
kers have  also  planted  U§ 


*  See  Bwton's  Collections,  part  2,  pt  11, 12,  and  13. 

f  flrv^yQlopxcIift  Britannlca,  article  Jura. 

±  A^icullural  Trans,  vol.  1st,  p.  S67. 

$  The  following  direction*  for  raising  Madder,  may  be  useful, 
they  are  copied  from  the  Emporium  of  Arts,  vol.  4th,  Na  2,  p. 
325. 

"  This  plant  may  be  propogated  either  by  offsets  or  seeds ;  if 
the  latter  method  is  preferred,  the  seed  should  be  of  the  true 
Turkish  kind,  which  is  called  lizari  in  the  Levant.  On  a  light 
thin  sorl  the  culture  cannot  be  carried  on  to  any  degree  of  protit, 
that  soil  in  which  the  plant  delights  is  a  rich  sandy  loam,  being 


«5 

The  Cochineal  plant  (Cactus  Cochinelifer)  has  been  dis- 
covered in  South-Carolina,  where  it  can  be  cultivated  to 
any  extent.  We  may  therefore  reasonably  hope  that  the 
invaluable  dye  extrafcted  from  the  insect  which  gives  this 
plant  its  name,  and  which  always  accompanies  it,  will  speed- 
ily be  numbered  among  our  staple  productions.! 

The  juice  of  the  common  Pokeberry  (Phytolacca  Decan- 
dra)  has  lately  been  added  to  tlie  list  of  pei*manent  vegeta- 
ble dyes.  Dr.  Adam  Seybert  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  first 
who  succeeded  in  fixing  this  colour,  which  can  be  changed 
from  the  brightest  crimson  to  a  red  little  inferior  to  scarlet. 
It  is  expected  from  the  further  discoveries  which  are  likelf 

three  feet  or  more  in  depth.  The  ground  being  first  made  smooth 
is  divided  into  beds  four  feet  wide,  with  alternate  alleys,  half  as 
wide  again  as  the  beds  ;  the  reason  of  this  extraordinary  breadth 
of  the  alleys  will  appear  presently.  In  each  alley  is  to  be  a  shal' 
low  channel  for  the  convenience  of  irrigating  the  whole  field,  &c. 
that  part  of  the  alley  which  is  not  otherwise  occupied  may  be 
sown  with  legumes. 

**  The  Madder  seed  is  sown  broad  cast  in  the  proportion  of 
from  25  to  30  lbs.  per  acre,  about  the  end  of  April.  In  a  fort- 
night or  three  weeks  the  young  plants  begin  to  appear,  and  frotn 
this  time  to  the  month  of  September,  care  must  be  taken  to  keep 
the  ground  well  watered  and  free  from  weeds  ;  if  the  plants  are 
examined  in  autumn  they  will  be  found  surrounded  with  smalt 
yellow  offsets,  at  the  depth  of  two  inclies ;  and  early  in  Septem- 
ber the  earth  from  the  alleys  is  to  be  dug  out,  and  laid  over  the 
plants  of  madder  to  the  heights  of  two  or  three  feet,  with  this 
the  first  year's  operation  finishes.  The  second  year's  work  be- 
gins in  May,  with  giving  the  beds  a  thorough  weeding,  and  care 
must  be  taken  to  supply  them  with  plenty  of  water  during  the 
summer;  in  September  the  first  crop  of  seed  will  be  ripe,"  at 
which  time  the  stems  of  the  plants  may  be  mown  down,  and  the 
roots  covered  a  few  inches  with  earth  taken  as  before  out  of  the 
'alleys.  The  weeding  should  take  place  as  early  as  possible  in 
the  spring  of  the  third  year,  and  the  crop,  instead  of  being  left 
for  seed,  may  be  cut  three  times  during  summer  for  green  fod"- 
der,  all  kinds  of  cattle  being  remarkably  fond  of  it.  In  Octo- 
ber the  roots  ai-e  taken  up,  the  offsets  careftilly  separated  and 
immediately  used  to  form  a  new  plantation,  and  the  roots,  after 
being  dried,  are  sold,  either  without  further  preparation,  or 
grouud  to  a  coarse  powder  and  sprinkled  with  an  alkaline  ley. 
The  roots  lose  four-fifths  of  their  weight  in  drying,  and  the  pro- 
duce of  an  acre  »  about  two  thousand,  pounds  we^ht  of  dqr  sale- 
able madder." 

t  Archives  of  Knowl.  vol.  1st,  257. 


24 

to  be  made  on  this  colour,  that  the  Cochineal  which  is  so  ex- 
pensive, may  be  generally  dispensed  with.* 

The  Quercitron,  a  species  of  Oak,  and  native  of  this  coun-* 
try  only,  has  long  been  esteemed  for  producing  a  yellow 
dye.  Dr.  Bancroft,  who  first  carried  it  to  Europe,  received 
a  patent  from  the  English  government  for  its  introduction 
there,  and  acquired  a  large  fortune  by  the  enterprise.  The 
pulverised  bark  was  the  state  in  which  the  Quercitron  was 
imported  and  used — But  works  are  now  erected  at  Fitch- 
burgh,  in  Massachusetts,  for  obtaining  the  extract  of  the 
Quercitron,  by  a  new  process ;  which  contains  the  virtues 
ofthebarkin  substance  in  a  very  condensed  state.  One 
pound  of  this  extract  affords  as  much  colouring  matter  as  fif- 
teen or  twenty  pounds  of  the  pulverised  bark.f 

As  we  abound  in  Cryptogamic  plants,  I  must  not  pass 
them  wholly  unnoticed  when  speaking  of  dyes.  Both  moss- 
es and  mushrooms  have  been  made  to  produce,  in  union 
with  other  substances,  beautiful  colours  of  red  and  of  violet 
hues.  In  Sweden  they  stain  woollen  cloth  with  their  moss- 
es.|  In  France  the  mountains  of  Auvergne  supply  a  moss 
containing  a  colour  little  inferior  to  the  splendid  purple  ex- 
tracted from  the  Archil  or  Roella  of  the  Canary  Islands  ;§ 
and  in  the  Highlands1[  of  Scotland  there  are  mosses  found 
which  yield  the  same  beautiful  tinctures.  These  examples 
ought  to  stimulate  us  to  inquiries  and  investigations  on  these 
subjects,  which  probably  would  be  rewarded  with  complete 
success. 

The  art  of  dyeing  is  in  its  second  infanx:y  ;  but  Ave  may 
hope  that,  like  the  fabled  eagle  of  the  ancients,  this  renewed 
youth  will  be  only  the  precursor  of  a  more  vigorous  maturi- 
ty. The  attention  of  a  few  scientific  men  to  the  subject 
would  bid  fair  to  realize  the  prospect.     The  ancients  held 


*  See  Aurora,  October  5th,  1813. 

t  See  Literary  and  Philos.  Repos.  for  Nov.  and  Decern.  1812,  p.  148. 

+  Kalm. 

§  Encyclop.  Britannica— -Archil  and  Colour  making,  No.  49. 

If  Ibid,  with  Archil, 


25 

this  art  in  the  greatest  estimation,  and  it  is  to  be  lamented 
that  although  we  have  increased  the  variety  of  colours,  we 
are  yet  unable  to  give  them  that  durability  which  they  arc 
known  to  have  once  possessed,  and  which  forms  their  prin- 
cipal value.  The  mode  of  making  the  Tyrian  dye  or  ancient 
royal  purple,  has  been  long  lost.  But  if  the  cloth  coloured 
by  it  could  have  been  preserved,  and  what  is  told  of  it  be 
true,  the  stain  might  have  been  as  lasting  as  the  story  of  its 
discovery. 

The  medicinal  qualities  of  plants  is  an  important  and  in- 
teresting subject  of  investigation,  and  it  is  surprising  that 
the  spirit  of  research  and  discovery,  so  remarkable  in  our 
countrymen,  should  not  have  been  more  operative  on  this 
subject.  The  flower  which  is  now  heedlessly  trampled  un- 
der foot,  may  possess  virtues  for  the  relief  of  many  maladies, 
which,  from  our  ignorance  of  its  properties,  we  are  unable 
to  cure  : — And  when  it  is  recollected  that  plants  which  dif- 
fer widely  from  each  other  in  habits  of  life,  and  in  internal 
structure,  have  been  found  to  produce  the  same  results,*  it 
may  be  confidently  expected  that  a  period  will  arrive  when 
our  own  country  will  furnish  us,  with  most  of  the  medicines 
which  are  now  imported.  Already  many  plants  which  were 
noticed  as  desiderata  for  American  cultivation,  andf  which 
twenty  years  ago  were  esteemed"  exotics,  are  now  found 
growing  in  our  fields  and  forests.  The  new  and  rapid  im- 
provements which  are  making  in  the  Materia  Medica,  flatter 
us  with  a  hope  that  Pharmacy  will  soon  banish  from  her  list, 
most  of  her  mineral  applications,  those  banes,  too  often,  of 
the  health  and  constitution,  which  like  the  Vampyres  of  Java 
eventually  destroy  the  blood,  while  they  lull,  in  present  se- 
curity, the  unsuspecting  victim. 

In  this  place  I  shall  mention  a  few  native  medicinal  plants, 
some  of  which  have  not  been  publicly  noticed. 

The  Aristolochia  Serpentaria,  or  Virginia  Snake  Root,  to- 

♦  Homberpf  produced  the  same  principle  from  Cabbage  as  from 
Hemlock.    Edin.  Rev.  No.  13. 
•j-  American  Philos.  Trana^  vol.  p.  325  to  380, 

D 


26 

gether  with  many  of  the  same  species,  have  been  long  known 
among  us  as  astringents  and  tonics.  But  a  new  plant, 
which  may  be  called  Scrpentaria  Alba,  or  white  Snake  Root, 
is  much  to  be  preferred  to  the  others  ;  as  it  possesses  all 
their  virtues  in  the  highest  degree.  The  farmers  of  New- 
Jersey  esteem  it  greatly  as  a  cure  for  the  ague  ;  and  it 
abounds  most  in  the  vicinity  of  marshes,  where  the  miasma 
which  occasions  this  complaint  prevails.  But  it  is  remark- 
able that  a  dry  soil  is  required  for  its  peculiar  habit.  The 
efficacy  of  the  Serpentaria  is  said  to  be  superior  to  the  Cin- 
chona, or  Peruvian  Bark  in  its  febrifuge  qualities.  I  cannot 
forbear  just  to  notice  here  a  witticism  on  this  subject  by 
Voltaire,  whose  reputation  stands  higher  in  matters  of  fan- 
cy, than  in  matters  of  fact,  and  who  is  commonly  unhappy 
when  he  touches  on  a  moral  subject  He  takes  occasion  in 
speaking  of  the  Peruvian  bark,  to  combat  the  idea  that  the 
bounty  of  Providence  is  apparent  in  providing  a  remedy  for 
diseases  in  the  neighborhoods  which  produce  them.  He 
observes,  in  his  Philosophical  Dictionary,  that  the  Peruvian 
Bark  is  found,  in  one  quarter  of  the  globe,  while  the  disease 
Avhich  it  cures  is  discovered  in  another.  But  as  the  bark  is 
used  in  many  complaints,  his  remark  is  wholly  irrelavent, 
unless  he  could  have  shewn  that  it  was  of  no  special  benefit 
where  discovered.  Now  if  general  and  uncontradicted  tra- 
dition is  to  be  believed,  the  medical  qualities  of  the  Cincho- 
na were  first  learned  by  observing  certain  animals,  affected 
by  intermittents,  instinctively  led  to  the  plant  itself,  or  to 
ponds  of  water  impregnated  with  its  juice.*  Be  this  howev- 
er as  it  may,  we  certainly  find  in  the  Serpentaria  a  new  proof 
of  the  old  doctrine,  that  the  remedy  is  usually  found  on  the 
spot  which  produces  the  disease. 

The  Maculata  Virglniensis,  a  newly  discovered  plant,  has 
been  found  a  most  efficacious  remedy  in  epileptic  affections, 
and  {or  this  purpose  it  is  much  employed  by  th«  Indians. 

The  Maranta  Arundinacea,  or  Arrow  Root,  (called  so  by 

*  Dai-vvin's  Botanic  Gai-den,  P.  2,  p.  60, 


27 

the  Indians,  who  heal  ■with  its  juice  wounds  inflicted  by  poi- 
sonous arrows)  was  formerly  thought  a  native  only  of  South 
America.  But  it  is  now  discovered  in  the  West-Indies  and 
I  believe  in  Georgia.  It  is  highly  valued  as  an  antidote  to 
animal  poison.  The  bite  of  the  Scolopendra  or  Centum  Pes, 
which  is  almost  as  venomous  as  the  sting  of  a  scorpion, 
has  often  been  cured  by  the  application  of  the  Maranta, 
which  flourishes  most  where  these  noxious  insects  abound. 
It  also  effectually  counteracts  the  fatal  efTccts  of  the  deadly 
nightshade  (Atropa  Belladona)  which  is  perhaps  the  most 
powerful  of  the  vegetable  venoms.  Six  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies  swallowed  some  spirits  from  abolllc  which  had 

been  stopped  with  the  leaves  of  the  deadly  nightshade 

Four  of  them  died  shortly  after,  by  the  effects  of  the  poison. 
The  remaining  two  were  saved  by  applying  liberally  the 
juice  of  the  ^laranta  Arundinacea.  The  efficacy  of  this 
plant  in  removing  the  baneful  consequences  of  the  animal 
and  vegetable  poison,  seems  to  indicate  that  the  malignan- 
cy of  mineral  poison  might  also  be  opposed  by  its  adminis- 
tration. The  experiment  is  certainly  worth  a  trial.  The 
juice  of  the  young  plant  is  the  antidote.  The  ferenaceous 
qualities  of  the  arrow  root  when  mature,  are  sufficiently 
known. 

The  bark  of  the  White  Walnut,  or  Butternut,  has  been 
used  for  the  cure  of  bites  from  venomous  serpents;*  and 
an  extract  from  it,  made  by  simple  boiling,  is  known  to  be 
among  the  best  cathartic  medicines.  The  Scutellaria,  or 
Skull  Cap,  Las  lately  obtained  much  reputation  as  a  remedy, 
or  prevcnture,  of  cannine  madness.  The  authority  on  which 
many  of  the  cures  are  believed  to  be  real,  cannot  be  ques- 
tioned ;  and  the  frequent  occurrence  of  the  hydrophobia, 
during  the  summer  months,  entitle  such  a  specific  to  much 
attention — The  Sutellaria  grows  plentifully  in  this  state,  and 
it  flowers  in  July  and  August. 

The  Scneka  snake  root  (Polygala  Senega)  is  found  in  the 

♦  Barton's  CoUec.  vol.  2,  p.  2.». 


28 

highlands  between  this  place  and  Schoharie.  The  Indians 
are  said  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  Rattlesnake  with  this  root, 
and  they  were  perhaps  first  induced  to  use  it,  by  the  striking 
resemblance  Avhich  it  bears  to  the  rattles  of  this  dreadful 
animal.  There  is  a  great  demand  for  it  in  medicine,  and  its 
discovery  in  our  neighbourhood  will  be  important. 

The  Delphinium  Consolida,  or  common  Larkspur,  has  been 
found  to  possess  many  useful  qualities,  and  it  may  be  used 
in  some  instances  for  the  Digitalis  Purpuria,  or  Foxglove,* 
a  medicine  in  some  cases  indispensable  ;  and  the  effects  of 
which  notwithstanding,  on  the  vision,  are  equally  distressing 
and  wonderful.  The  imagination  of  the  patient,  also,  both 
in  his  sleeping  and  wakeful  hours,  is  powerfully  affected 
by  it. 

The  headlong  precipice  that  thwarts  the  flight, 
Tlie  trackless  desert,  the  cold  starless  night. 
And  stem-eyed  Murder  with  liis  knife  behind, 
In  dread  succession  agonize  the  mind. 

To  relieve  us  from  these  consequences  of  the  Digitalis,  we 
have  a  hope  in  the  Delphinium.  A  tincture  made  of  the 
bruised  seeds  has  been  the  mode  of  its  preparation. f 

The  Columbo  root  was  discovered  in  the  western  part  of 
this  state  last  summer,  by  Mr.  Whitlow.  Willdenow  sup- 
poses it  to  belong  to  a  species  of  the  Bryonia.  This  how- 
ever is  doubtful.  A  technical  name,  it  is  known,  will  short-. 
ly  be  given  to  the  plant.  Its  present  appellation  is  from  Co- 
lumbo, a  town  in  Ceylon  from  whence  all  India  is  supplied. 
It  grows  also  in  Africa,:}:  and  forms  an  important  article  of 
commerce  with  the  Portuguese  at  Mozambique.  Its  use 
and  importance  in  medicine  is  fully  established,  and  it  has 
hitherto  been  the  subject  of  regret,  that  the  irregularity  at- 
tending its  importation,  has  obliged  practitioners  often  to 
exhibit  it  in  a  decayed  state,  owing  to  long  keeping. 

♦  See  Medical  Repos.  Ilex.  Ill,  vol.  2.  p.  232,  for  a  particular  ac- 
count of  this  important  plant. 

t  See  Dr.  A.  Blanchard's  communication  to  the  Nevf-England  Med. 
and  Surg.  Joui-nal,  vol.  2,  p.  248. 

\  Duncan's  Dispensatory,  p.  203. 


25 

The  Actaea  Spicata,  marked  as  peculiar  to  Britain  in 
Donn's  Catalogue,  is  found  at  the  base  of  Schooley's  moun- 
tain, and  in  many  other  places.  The  Actaea  Racemosa  and 
Alba  are  frequently  met  with.  The  berries  of  the  Actaea 
Spicata  are  poisonous.  Toads  are  said  to  resort  to  this 
plant,  owing  to  some  congenial  effluvia  they  exhale  from  it. 
The  vulgar  antipathy  to  these  animals  may  have  arisen  from 
this  circumstance.     The  root  of  Actaea  is  the  medicine.* 

This  short  list  of  medicinal  plants  might  be  greatly  en- 
larged ;  but  neither  the  limits  nor  the  design  of  this  address 
permit  me  farther  to  expatiate.  I  understand  that  Mr. 
Frederick  Pursh,  the  botanist,  who  made  one  of  the  expedi- 
tion up  the  Missouri  under  the  command  of  the  unfortunate 
Lewis,  is  about  publishing  in  London,  under  a  liberal  pat- 
ronage, a  full  account  of  the  valuable  and  extensive  addi- 
tions which  were  then  made  to  the  Materia  Mcdica.  Anoth- 
er "work,  comprising  the  discoveries  since  tliat  period,  is 
contemplated  in  this  country.  These,  with  Dr.  Barton's 
Collections,  will  furnish  us  with  a  tolerable  view  of  the  sub'^ 
ject. 

Respecting  ornamental  flowers,  the  properties  of  which 
have  not  yet  been  developed,  I  shall  only  say,  that  the  florist 
would  find,  in  many  of  our  wild  plants,  colours  richer  and 
more  numerous,  and  fragrance  more  delightful, than  in  many 
which  have  already  been  introduced  into  the  hot  house  and 
garden. 

I  conclude  with  recommending  the  employment  of  z 
skilful  botanist  to  explore  the  unfrequented  parts  of  our 
state,  and  particularly  those  portions  of  it  considered  un- 
healthy ;  as  a  greater  number  of  plants,  and  those  of  the 
most  useful  kind,  are  found  in  such  places,  than  elsewhere. 
Tours  of  this  nature  are  by  no  means  unfrequent,  and  while 
Americans  have  neglected  the  botanical  examination  of  their 
country,  foreigners  have  immortalised  themselves  by  doing 
it.     From  England  we  have  had  Raleigh  and  Catesby,  Fra- 


♦  Dorm's  Hortus  Cantabrigiensis,  p.  100. 


so 

sier,  Squibb,  Lewis,  and  Walter;  from  Sweden,  Professor 
Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus  and  collector  for  him  ;  from  Ger- 
many, Fursling  and  Pursh  ;  France  has  sent  us  Michaux 
and  Volney,  and  Prussia,  Baron  Humboldt  and  King.  To 
these  indeed  many  other  names  might  be  added  ;  but  among 
them  all  there  is  not  one  of  our  own  countrymen — no  one 
who  has  received  our  patronage  or  encouragement.  If  you 
are  unwilling  to  engage  a  botanist  for  this  purpose,  let  eve- 
ry member  who  is  at  all  acquainted  with  the  subject,  en- 
gage to  occupy  himself  in  multiplying  the  number  of  local 
Floras ;  and  we  may  thus,  perhaps,  obtain  the  vegetable 
contents  of  the  state.  Should  this  plan  be  adopted,  each  in- 
dividual engaging  should  undertake  to  survey  a  district  con- 
tiguous to  his  residence,  with  special  and  minute  investiga- 
tion. The  nomenclature  and  classification  of  the  vegetable 
tribes  are  now  reduced  to  such  a  systematic  form,  that  any 
discovery  may  be  registered  with  the  greatest  ease  and  pre- 
cision. If  this  method  should  be  pursued  with  industry 
and  skill,  we  might  soon  reverse,  in  regard  to  this  region  of 
our  country,  the  position  of  the  poet,  and  say 

JVot  "  many  a  flower  is  bom  to  blush  unseen. 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air.** 


Catalogue  of  Plants 


INDIGENOUS  TO  THE 

ST^TE  OF  ^EWYOUK, 

Communicated  to  the  Society,  February  23d,  1814. 


PREFACE. 


T, 


HE  following  Catalogue  includes  only  the  plants,  which- 
have  been  collected  by  Messrs.  Le  Conte,  Pursh,  Eddy, 
Whitlow,  Edmonston,  Beck,  and  myself — it  might  have  been 
enlarged  by  the  addition  of  some  other  genera  and  species 
■which  have  been  naturalized  and  now  grow  spontaneously 
■ — but  I  thought  it  would  be  more  proper  to  confine  the 
list  to  those  which  are  indigenous.  It  will  be  found  that 
but  a  very  few  of  the  Cryptogamous  tribes  are  here  in- 
serted— on  some  future  occasion  it  is  proposed  to  treat  of 
this  class  more  at  large. 

Where  I  have  been  unable  to  find  in  the  lists  already  pub- 
lished, an  English  name  for  the  Latin  Systematick  name, 
I  have  supplied  it.  Many  inaccuracies  will  no  doubt  be 
found  in  the  present  catalogue,  but  it  is  hoped  they  are 
such  as  may  be  easily  rectified  by  the  botanist.  • 

JACOB  GREEN. 


E 


ABBREJMTIOXS. 


—^mi.000':. 

•00Q»' 

Mt. 

Alton. 

Lmk. 

Lamarck. 

Auct. 

Auctores 

VHer. 

I'Heritier. 

Bant. 

Bartram. 

Lys. 

Lyons. 

Curt. 

Curtis. 

Mich. 

Michaux. 

Cav. 

Cavinille. 

Mich.f. 

Michaux  filius. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Mcench. 

Moenchausen. 

Don. 

Donn. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

EhrU 

Ehrhardt. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Ed, 

Eddy. 

Sal. 

Salisbury. 

Fraa. 

Eraser. 

Swz. 

Swartz. 

Frcel. 

Frcelich 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Gxrt. 

Gartner. 

Wauff. 

Waugenheim. 

Hediv. 

Hedwig. 

mild. 

Willdenow. 

H.  P. 

Hortus  Parisiensis. 

M  S. 

New  Species. 

Le  Con. 

Le  Conte. 

Far. 

Variety. 

L. 

Linnxus. 

' 

CATALOGUE,  ^c. 


»00®00« 


Scientific  Name-. 

ACER 

1  coccineum 

2  dasycarpum     Ehrt. 

3  flavum.  N.  S. 

4  montanum 

5  negundo 

6  rubrum 

7  saccharinum 

8  striatum 

9  do.      Var. 
ACHILLEA 

millefolium 
ACORUS 

calamus 

ACTEA 

1  americana   .V.  5. 

2  alba. 

3  ccerulea 

4  racemosa 

5  rubra 

6  spicata 
ADIANTUM 

pedatum 
ADONIS 

autumnali^ 

AGARICUS 

campestris 
AGRIMONIA 

eupatoria     Var, 
AGROSTEMMA 

githago 

githagosegctum 


1 


English  Kame. 

MAPLE 

1  scarlet 

2  silver  leaved  (white) 

3  yellow 

4  mountain 

5  ash  leaved  (box  eldev) 

6  scarlet,  white,  red,  soft 

7  sugar  maple 

8  striped  maple 
moose-wood 

YARROW 
milfoil 

SWEET  PXAG 

common  > 

aromatic,  calamus  \ 

BANE  BERRY 

1  American 

2  white 

3  blue 

4  black  snake  root 

5  red 

6  common,  coral  and  fiearl 
MAIDEN  HAIR 

Canadian 
ADONIS 

autumnal 
pheasant's  eye 
AGARICUS 


De^f.S 


AGRIMONY 

common 
ROSE  CAMPIQN 

corn  cockle 


36 


AGROSTIS 

1  decumbens 

2  filiformis 

3  stricta 

4  stolonifera 
AIRA 

1  melicoides     Mich. 

2  obtusata"    Mich. 
ALETRIS 

1  farinosa         ? 
alba     Mich.\ 

2  aurea     Mich. 
ALISMA 

plantago 
ALLIUM 

1  canadense 

2  cernuum 

3  tricoccum 
ALNUS 

1  incana  (glauca) 

2  serrulata 
ALSINE 

media 
AMARANTIIUS 

1  lividus 

2  oleraceus 
AMPELOPSIS 


1  hirsuta     Lys 

2  quinquefolia 
hedera  quinque 
cissus  hederacea 

ANAGALLIS 

arvensis 
ANCHUSA 

1  canescens 
batschia     Mich. 

2  VJrginica 
ANDROMEDA 

1  calyculata     Var. 

2  ferruginea 

3  mariana     Far. 

A  paniculata     Var. 

5  polifolia     Far. 

6  salicifolia     JV.  S. 

7  stiigosa    .V.  5. 


folia.JL  v 
ViPcrs.} 


BENT  GRASS 

1  creeping 

2  thread-form 

3  uprigiit 

4  florin  grass 
HAIR  GRASS 

1  melic  like 

2  blunt 
ALETRIS 

1  xncaiy ;  Devils  bit^  atar  > 

grass  5 

2  yellow  flowered 
WATER  PLANTAIN 

common 
ONION  GARLICK 

1  wild,  or  American 

2  mountain  garlick 

3  broad  ieaved,threeseeded 
ALDER 

1  hoary  leaved  (glaucous) 

2  common  American 
CHICKWEED 

common 
AMARANTH,  orCock's  comh 

1  lead  coloured 

2  cultivated 

FALSE  GRAPE,  or  Amcr- 
icon  joy 

1  hairy 

2  five  leaved  wild  ivy 

PIMPERNEL,  or  Chick-iveed 

common 
BUG  LOSS 


1  soft 

2  smooth  > 
ANDROMEDA 

1  box  leaved 

2  ferrugineous 

3  oval  leaved 

4  panicled 

5  rosemary  leaved 

6  willow  leaved 

7  slender 


37 


8  racemosa 

ANDROPOGON 

1  scoparium     Mich. 

2  virginicum. 
ANDRYALA 

sinuata 
ANEMONE 
1.  dichotoma 

2  hepatica,     obtma. 

3  parviflora 

4  pennsylvanica 

5  quinqucfolia 

6  thalictroides 
thalictrum  anemonoides 

Mich. 

7  virginiana 
ANETHUIVI 

foeniculum 
ANGELICA 

1  atropurpurea 

2  hirsuta  triquinata 
ANTHEM  IS 

coiula 
ANTHOXANTHUM 

odoratum 
ANTIRRHINUM 

1  canadense 

2  linaria  vulgaris 
APOCYNUM 

1  androssmifolium 

2  cannabinum 

3  hypericifolium 
AQUILEGIA 

canadensis 
ARABIS 
1   bulbosa 
"2  canadensis  ? 

falcata     Mich.  5 

0  hispida 

4  lyrata 

5  spathulata 

6  thaliana 
ARALIA 

1  hispida 

2  nudicaulis 

3  racemosa 


} 


8  cluster  flowered,    sweet 
scented 
BEARD  GRASS 

1  broom 

2  yellow  broom  grass 
ANDRYALA 

crooked 
ANEMONE 

1  wolf's  bane  leaved 

2  hepatica,  liver  ivort 

3  small  flowered 

4  Pennsylvaniaa 

5  five  leaved 

6  raeadow-nie  leaved 


7  Virginian 
FENNEL 
sweet 
ANGELICA 

1  purple 

2  downy 
CHAMOMILE 

stinking— iViaz/  weed 
VERNAL  GRASS 

sweet  scented 
SNAP  DRAGON 

1  Canadian 

2  common  toad  flax 
DOG'S  BANE 

1  tutsan  leaved 

2  Indian  hemp 

3  hvpericum  leaved 
COLUMBINE 

scarlet  or  wild 
WALL  CRESS,or  turkey fiod 

1  tuberous 

2  Canadian  or  sickle  pod* 

ded. 

3  hispid  or  Welcli 

4  lyre  leaved 

5  palm  leaved 

6  common  or  mouse  ear 
ARALIA 

1  bristly 

2  wild  sarsaparilla 

3  berry  bearing  spikenard 


38 


.1 


ARBUTUS 

uva  ursi     Amer. 
ARCTIUM 

lappa 
ARENARIA 

1  divaricata     Mich. 

2  lateriflora 

3  rubra 
canadensis     Per* 

4  stricta 
ARETHUSA 

1  bulbosa 

2  nutans 

3  ophioglossoidei 

4  pendula 

5  stellata 

6  verticillata 
ARGOLASIA 

aurea    J^.  S.     > 
heritiera  tinct.  5 
ARISTOLOCHIA 

1  serpentaria 

2  sipho 
ARUM 

triphyllum     Var.   Purfi 
ARUNDO 

epigejos 
ASARUM 

canauense 
ASCLEPIAS 

1  amoena  A*.  S. 

2  cinera     Walt. 
S  debilis     Mich. 

Aff.  JVi-vea  Dill 

4  exaltata 

acuminata 

5  grandiflorum 

6  incarnata 

7  longifolia 

8  obtusifolia 

9  putchra 

10  purpurascens 

1 1  quadrifolia 

12  syriaca 

13  tuberosa  > 

decumbens  3 


m.\ 


STRAWBERRY  TREE 

bearberry 
BURDOCK 

common 
SANDWORT 

1  severed 

2  lateral  flowered 

3  red  or  field 

4  upright 
ARETHUSA 

1  bulbous 

2  nodding 

3  adder's  tongue  leaved 

4  pendant 

5  starry 

6  w^horl  leaved 
LOOKING  GLASS  PLANT 

shining 

BIRTH  WORT,  makt  root 

1  Virginian 

2  broad  leaved 
INDIAN  TURNEP 

three  leaved 
REED  GRASS 

small 
SNAKE  ROOT 

■white — ivild  ginger 
SWALLOW  WORT,    milk 

1  oval  leaved  [weed 

2  artichoke  leaved 

3  white 

4  poke  leaved  , 

5  large  flowering 

6  flesh  coloured 

7  long  leaved 

8  obtuse  leaved 

9  hairy,  river 

10  purple 

1 1  four  leaved 

12  common  silk  plant 

13  pleurisy    root — butterfltj 

weed 


i9 


14  variegata     ^A/l  S.  T 

15  verticillata 
ASCYRUM 

1  amplexicaule 

2  crux  andreae 

3  hypericoides 

4  muhicaule     Mich. 

5  stans     Mich. 
ASPARAGUS 

officinalis 
ASPIDIUM 

1  acrotichoidcs 

2  ebenum 

3  iilix  faemina 

4  marginale 

5  tenue 
ASPLENIUM 

1  ebenum 

2  melanocaulon 

3  rhizophyllunn 

4  ruta  muraria     JL. 

5  tricliomanes 

6  trichomanoides.    Mich, 
ASTER 

1  amplexicaulis 

2  conyzoides 

3  cordifolius 

4  coiymbosus 

5  infirmis     Mich.  ? 

cornifolius      IVilld.    ) 

6  latifolius 

7  linarifolius 

S  miser 

9  novae  angliac 

10  novi  belgii 

1 1  paniculatus     A*  S, 

12  rigidus 

15  salsuginosus     A*  S. 
14  silphioides     A*.   5. 

♦    15  solidaginoides     Mich. 

16  spurius 

17  undulatus 
ASTRAGALUS 

1   canadensis 


14  variegated 

15  whorl  leaved 
ANDREW'S  CROSS 

1  stem  clasping 

2  common 

3  Hypericum  like 

4  many  stemmed 

5  upright 
ASPARAGUS 

common 
ASPIDIUM 
1 

2  ebony 

3  brake 

4  marginal 

5  slender 
SPLEEN  WORT 

1  ebony 

2  ruff  stemmed 
3 

4  wall  rue 

5  maiden  hair 

6  five  leaved 
STAR  WORT 

1  stem  clasping 

2  flea  bane 

3  heart  leaved 

4  clustered 

5  weak 

6  broad  leaved 

7  savouiy  or  toad  flax  leav- 

ed 

8  small  flowered  (white) 

9  New-England 

10  glaucous  or  green,  New 

Holland 

1 1  panicled 

12  stiff"  leaved 

13 

14 

15  solidago  like,  golden  rod 

16  spurious 

17  waved  leaved 
MILK  VETCH 

1   woolly  or  Canadian 


40 


2  carol inianus 
ATRAGENE 

americana     Muhl. 
AVENA 

1  pennsylvanica 

2  spicata  > 

glumosa     Mich.    3 

3  elatior 
AZALEA 

1  canescens     JV*.  -S. 

2  canescens  marginatayV. 5. 

3  glauca 

4  nitida     A*.  5. 

5  nudiflora     Tar. 

6  microcarpa     .V.  5. 

7  procera     A^.  5. 

8  racemosa. 

9  viscosa     Var. 

BARTRAMIA 
BARTSIA 

1  coccinea 

Var.     lutea 

2  pallida 
BERBERIS 

canadensis     > 
vulgaris     L.  5 
BETULA 

1  glandulosa     Mich. 

2  lutea     Mich. 

3  nigra  (rubra  "J 

lanulosa)     Mich.  J 

4  pumila 

5  tremula 
BIDENS 

1  cernua 

2  connata     Mich. 

3  chrysanthemoides  Mich. 
BLITUM 

1  capitatum 

2  virgatum 
BCEHMERIA 

cylindrica 
BOLETUS 
tuberosus 


2  Carolina 
ATRAGENE 
American 
OAT  GRASS,  OATS 

1  Pennsylvania 

2  spiked 

3  tall 
ROSE  BAY 

1   grey  downy 
2 

3  glaucous  leaved 

4  shining 

5  naked  red  flowered 
6 

7  tall 

8  branching 

9  viscous 

BARTRAMIA 
BARTSIA 

1  scarlet 
yellow 

2  pale 
BERBERRY 

Canadian    or    common 
American 
BIRCH 

1  glandulous 

2  yellow 

2  sweet  scented,  red 
beech 

4  dwarf  hairy 

5  quivering 
MARYGOLD 

1  nodding  burr 

2  marsh 

3  large  flowered 
STRAWBERRY   ELITE 

1  common 

2  slender  stalked 
BCEHMERIA 

cylindrical 
BOLETUS 
tuberous 


f^ 


BOTRYPUS 

HEMLOCK  FERN 

lunaroides     A*.  iS. 

kidney  leaved 

BRIZA 

QUAKING  GRASS 

maxima 

large 

BROiMUS 

BROME  GRASS 

1    canadensis     ^Tich. 

I  Canadian 

2  mollis 

2  soft 

BRACHYSTEMUM 

BRACHYSTEMUM 

virginicum     Mich. 
linifolium      Wtlld. 

>          flax  leaved  or  Virginian 

BUPHTHALMUM 

OX-EYE 

helianlhoides     I'Her. 

1 

helianthus  laevis     L. 

y          smooth 

heliopsis  laevis     Fera 

J 

BUCHNERA 

BUCHNERA 

americana 

American 

CACTUS 

INDL\N  FIG,  Cactut 

opuntia 

common 

CALENDULA 

POT  MARYGOLD 

officinalis 

common 

CALLA 

CALLA 

palustris     A*.  S. 

marsh 

Var.     denticulata 

Var.     notched 

CALLICARPA 

CALLICARPA 

americana 

sage  leaved 

CALTH A 

MARSH  MARYGOLD  o 

1  dentata 

1   gaged 

2  palustris 

2  common                     ^ 

CAMPANULA 

BELL  FLOWER 

1  acuminata 

I  pointed 

2  americana 

2  American 

3  nitida 

3  shining 

4  pcrfoliata 

amplexicaulls  Mich, 

>       4  perfoliate 

5  rotundifolia 

5  round  leaved 

CARDAMINE 

LADY'S  SMOCK 

1  hirsuta 

1    hairy 

2  pennsylvanica 

2  Pennsylvania  water  cress 

3  vir^inica 

3  Virginian 

CARDUUS 

THISTLE 

1   horridiUus 

1  thorny 

2  marianus 

2  milk 

3  pectinatus 

.  3  pectinated 

43 


CAREX 

1  criuata 

2  hystericina 

3  leporina 

4  muricata 

5  peciunculata 

6  rostrata 

7  vulpina 
CARPINUS 

1  americana     Willcl. 

2  ostrya 
CASSIA 

1  chamJEcrista 

2  discolor     Don. 

3  fasciculata     Mich. 

4  marilandica 

5  nictitans 
CASTANEA 

vesca,  americana  Gxrt. 
CAULOPHYLLUM     A*.  S. 
CEANOTHUS 

americanus 

Var. 

CELASTRUS 

1  buUatus 

2  scandens 
CELTIS 

occidentalis 
CENCHRUS 
echinatus 
•    CENTAUREA 
^  1   benedicta 

2  calcitrapa 

3  cyanus 

4  jacea 
CEPHALANTHUS 

occidentalis 
CERASTIUM 

1  arvense 

2  semidecandrum 

3  viscosuni 
CERCIS 

canadensis 
CHELipONlUM 
majus 


SEG,  or  SEDGE 
1    chaffy 
.2  porcupine 

3  hare 

4  prickly 

5  long  stalked 

6  beaked 

7  great  fox 
HORN  BEAM  TREE 

1  American 

2  hop 
CASSIA 

1  dwarf  (partridge  pea) 

2  two  coloured 

3  bundled 

4  wild  senna  (false  acacia) 

5  nodding 
CHESNUf 

common  American 
CAULOPHYLLUM 
TEA  TREE 

common  New-Jersey 

STAFF  TREE 

1  scarlet  fruited 

2  climbing  (bitter  sweet) 
NETTLE  TREE 

common  American 
HEDGE  HOG  GRASS 

rough  seeded 
CENTAURY 

1  blessed  thistle 

2  star  thistle 

3  blue  bottle 

4  knap  weed 
BUTTON  WOOD 

American 
CHICK  WEED 

1  corn  pink,  mouse  ear 

2  least 

3  clammy 

JUDAS  TREE  or  Red  Bud 

American 
CELANDINE 

common,  greater 


43 


CHELONE 

pjlabra 
CHENOPODIUM 
\   album 

2  glaucuin 

3  incanum 

4  hybrid um 

5  maritimum 
CHIRONIA 

1  angularis 

2  chloroides 

3  campanulata 

4  chronantha     jV.  S. 

5  pulchella 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 

leucanthemura 
CICHORIUM 
CICUTA 

1  bulbifera 

2  maculata 
CIMICIFUGA 

1  americana 

2  serpentaria 
CINNA 

arundinacea 
CIRC^A 

1  alpina 

2  canadensis  "> 

lutetiana  3 
CISTUS 

canadensis 
CLAYTONIA 

virginica 
CLAVARIA 

coralloides 
CLEMATIS 
i  virginica 

2 .V.  5. 

CLEOME 

dodepandra 
CLETHRA 

1  alnifolia 

2  do  Far. 
CLIMACIUM 

dcndroides 


HUMMING  BIRD  TREE 

white 
GOOSE  FOOT 

1  common  lamb's  quarters 

2  glaucous 

3  hoary 

4  tufted 

5  sea 
CHIRONIA 

1  angular  stemmed  (Ame- 

rican centaury) 

2  many  petal'd,  chlora  like 

3  bell  flowered 

4    

5  dwarf 
CHRYSANTHEMUM 

ox  eye  daisy 
SUCCORY 
COW  BANE 

1  bulb  bearing 

2  American  spotted 
BUG  WORT 

1  stinking 

2  .' 

CINNA 

reedy 
NIGHT  SHADE 

1  mountain  enchanter's 

2  common 

CISTUS  or  ROCK  ROSE 

Canada 
CLAYTONIA 

Virginian 
CLAVARIA 

coral  like 
VIRGIN'S  BOWER 

1  Virginian 

2  

BASE  MUSTARD 

clammy 
CLETHRA 

1  smooth  alder  leared 

2  

CLIMACIUM 


4^ 


CNICUS 

THISTLE 

arvensis 

Canada 

COLLINSONIA 

COLLINSONIA 

canadensis 

common  f  horse  balm) 

COMPTONIA 

COMPTONIA 

1  albida 

1  whitish 

2  asplenifolia     VHer.      "| 

liquidambar   asple-  v 

2  sweet  fern 

nifolium     L.            J 

CONIUM 

HEMLOCK 

maculatum 

common 

CONVALLARIA 

SOLOMON'S  SEAL 

1  bifolia 

I  two  leaved,  small 

2  maialis 

2  common  lily  of  the  rialley 

3  muUiflora 

3  many  flowered 

4  polygonatum 

4  common 

5  pubescens 

5  hairy 

6  racemosa 

6  cluster  flowered 

7  stellata                          ? 
streptopus     Mich.  3 

7  star  flowered 

8  trifolia 

8  three  leaved 

9  umbellata 

9  umbelliferous 

CONVOLVULUS 

BIND  WEED 

1   arvensis 

I   small  (Jield  corn) 

2  panduratus 

2  fiddle  leaved  CrJtd  fiotH'- 

toe) 

3  purpureus 

3  great  purple 

4  I'epens 

4  creeping 

5  sagitifolius     Mich. 

5  arrow  leaved 

6  sepium 

6  hedge  (great  bcarbind) 

7  spithanneus 

7  dwarf 

CONYZA. 

FLEA  BANE 

marilandica     Mich.      1 

erigeron  campliora-  > 

marsh 

turn     L.                     J 

COREOPSIS 

SUN  FLOVv  ER 

1   alteraifolia 

1   alternate  leaved  tick  seed 

2  verticillata 

2  whorl  leaved 

CORNUS 

DOG  WOOD 

1  alba 

1   white  berry 

2  alternifolia 

2  alternate  leaved 

3  canadensis 

3  Canadian 

4  circinata     I'Her.          C 
tomentulosa  Mich.  \ 

•  4  hairy 

5   fiorida 

5  common 

6  paniculata 

6  paniculate d 

4l# 


7  sanguinca 

8  sericea     I'Her. 

ccerulea     Lmk. 

9  stolonifera     fHer. 

10  stricta     I* Her. 

11  JV.  S. 
CORYDALIS 

1  fungosa 

2  rosea 
CORYLUS 

1  americana 

2  avellana 

3  humilis 

4  rostrata 

5  A".   5.     Catskill. 
CRATAEGUS 

1  coccinea 

2  cor  data     Ait. 

3  crus  gali 

4  eliptica 

5  flava 

6  glaudulosa 

7  parvifolia 

8  punctata 

leucophleos  Mcench. 

9  pyrifolia     ^zV. 

10  sphathulata 

1 1  viridis 
CROTOLARIA 

1  parviflora 

2  sagitalis 
CUCUBALUS 

stellatus 
CUNILA 

1  mariana 

2  pulegioides  hedeoirta 

pulegioides 

Pers. 
CUPRESSUS 
thuyoides 
CUSCUTA 

americana 
CYCLAMEN 
americanum 


} 


} 


7  bloody 

8  blue  berried 

9  creeping 
10  upright 
11 

CORYDALIS 

1  spungy  flowered 

2  rose  coloured 
HAZLE  NUT 

1  American  common  (fil- 

bert) 

2  European  common 

3  dwarf 

4  cuckold  hazlc 

5  — 

HAWTHORN 

1  scarlet  fruited 

2  maple  leaved 

3  cock  spur 

4  oval  leaved 

i  yellow  fruited 

6  hollow  leaved 

7  small  leaved 

8  large  fruited 

9  pear  leaved 

10  spatula  leaved 

1 1  green  fruited 
CROTOLARIA 

1  small  flowered 

2  arrow  leaved 
CAMPION 

four  leaved 
CUNILA 

1  mint  leaved 

2  penny  royal  leaved 

CYPRESS  TREE 

white  cedar 
DODDER 

American 
CYCLAMEN,  op  toxo  bread 

American 


46 


aicn. 

al.  ■) 

Mich.    |. 


CYMBIDIUM 

1  odontorrhyzon 

2  pulchellnm      IVilld. 

angustifoliura 
CYNOGLOSSUM 

officinale 
CYPERUS 

1  compressus 

2  flavescens 

3  inflexus 

4  pai'viflorlis 

5  phymatodes     JV.  5. 

6  strigosus 
CYPRIPEDIUM 

1  acaule     Ait.  7 

humile     Mich,  y 

2  candidum 

3  parviflorum 

4  pubescens     Mich. 

5  spectabile     Sal. 

canadense 
album     Ait 

6  J^.S. 

DALIBARDA 

1  fragarioides 

2  repens 
DATURA 

1  stramonium 

2  tatula 
DENTARIA 

1  diphylla 

2  laciniata 
DIAPENSIA 

lapponica 
DIERVILLA 

1  americana     ^.  5. 

2  humilis 

3  lutea 

4  montana  ?     A*.  S. 

5  canadensis 

6  j\r.  S. 
DIOSCOREA 

paniculata     Mich 
villosa    Z 


I 


CYMBIDIUM 

1  large  tooth  rooted 

2  beautiful  tuberous 

HOUND'S  TONGUE 

common 
CYPERUS  GALINGALE 

1  flat  stemmed  (sedge) 

2  yellow 

3  fragrant 

4  small  flowered 

5  tuberous 

6  rough  bristle  spikecj 
LADY'S  SLIPPER 

1  stemless  dwarf 

2  white 

3  small  flowered 

4  hairy  American  yellow 

5  shewy  tall  white  flowereidl 

6  JV.  5. 

DALIBARDA 

1  three  leaved 

2  heart  leaved 
THORN  APPLE 

1  common  C Jamestown 

•tveed) 

2  blue 
TOOTH  WORT 

1  two  leaved  fcora/  wort) 

2  jagged  leaved 
DIAPENSIA 

northern 
DIERVILLA 

1  American 

2  dwarf 

3  marsh 

4  mountain 

5  yellow  flowered 

6  JV.  5. 
YAM 

American 


47 


DIPSACUS 

sylvestris 
DIRCA 

palustris 
DOLICHOS 

2  sphaerosphermus 
phaseolus     L . 
DRABA 

verna 
DRACCENA 

borealis 
DRACONTIUM 

foetidum 
DROSERA 

1  atnericana     Willd. 

2  fiUformis     J^.  S, 

3  rotundifolia 

4  spathulata     J^.  S. 


ECHIUM 

1  americanum     A".  5. 

2  vulgare 
ELYMUS 

canadensis 
EPIG.EA 

repens 
EPILOBIUM 

1  coloratura. 

2  laevigatum 
S  lineare 

oliganthum     Mich. 

4  spicatum     Link, 

5  strictum 
ERIGERON 

1  bellidifolium     Mich. 

pulchellum     Mich. 

2  canadense 

3  heterophyllum    Muhl. 

aster  aunnus     L. 

4  philadelphicum 

do.  purpureum 

5  strigosum 
ERIOCAULON 

gnaphalioides     Aftch. 


TEASEL 

wild 
LEATHER  WOOD 

marsh  f  moose  woodj 
DOLICHOS 

1  purple 

2  round  seeded 

WHITLOW  GRASS 

spring 
DRACENA 

oval  leaved 
DRAGON 

skunk  weed 
SUN  DEW 

1  American  long  leaved 

2  hairy 

3  round  leaved 
4'  spathulated 

BUGLOSS 

1  American  vipers 

2  common 
LIME  GRASS 

Canadian 
EPIGiEA 

creeping  (fiigeon  berry) 
WILLOW  HERB 

1  coloured 

2  smooth 

3  linear  leaved 

4  narrow  leaved 

5  upright  (soft) 
ERIGERON  (Jlea  bane) 

1  Robert's  plantain 

2  annual 

3  various  leaved 

4  Philadelphia!! 

5  bristled 

PIPE  WORT 
short  leaved 


ERIOPHORUM 

1  angustifolium 

2  hudsonianum. 

3  poly stach ion 

4  virginicum 
ERYTHRONIUM 

1  americanum 

luteum  et  album 

2  dens  canis 
EUONYMUS 

atropurpureus     ./ill. 
EUPATORIUM 

1  ageratoides     Willd. 

2  ceanotlufoliura 

3  caelestinum 

f  ,corQnopifolium     Willd, 

5  hyssopifolium 

6  lanceolatum 

7  maculatum 

8  melissoides 

9  perfoliatum 

10  puUescens 

1 1  purpureum 

12  punctatum 

13  rotundifolum 

14  sessilifolium 

15  trifpUatum 

16  verticillatum     Mulil.'f 

trifoliatura     L.       5 
EUPHORBIA 

1  ipecacuanha 

2  cnaculata 

'   3  polygooifo% 

FAGUS 

1  carpinifolia 

2  feiTuginea 

3  sylvestris 
FESTUCA 

clandestina 
FRAGARIA 

1  palustus 

2  vesca 

3  virginiana    Ehrt, 
FRASERA  . 

1  verticillata 


COTTON  GRASS 

1  narrow  leaved 

2  Hudson's  Bay 

3  common  many  headed 

4  Virginian 

DOG'S  TOOTH  VIOLET 

1  American  yellow  and 

white 

2  common 
SPINDLE  TREE 

purple 
EUPATORIUM 

1  nettle  leaved fAem^  seed) 

2  ceanothus  leaved  « 

3  blue  flowered 

4  buck's  horn  leaved 

5  hyssop  leaved 

6  spear  leaved 

7  spotted  stalked 

8  balm  leaved 

9  honc%Q\x( thorough  nvort) 

10  hairy 

1 1  purple  stalked 

12  dotted 

13  round  leaved 

14  sessile  leaved 

15  three  leaved 

16  whorl  leaved 

SPURGE 

1  ipecacuanha 

2  spotted 

3  knotgrass  leaved 

BEECH 

1  hornbeam  leaved 

2  rusty  leaved 

3  common 
FESCUE  GRASS 

hidden  flowered 
STRAWBERRY 

1  marsh 

2  common  garden 

3  wild 
FRASERA 

1  pyramid  flowered 


49 


2  wallherf 
FRAXINUS 

2  Walter's 
ASH 

1  concolor 

1  red  green 

3  discolor 

3  two  coloured 

A.  americana 

white 

B.  juglandifolia 

walnut  leaved 

3  platyacarpa     Mich. 

3  Carolinian  broad  fruited 

4  pubescens 

4  hairy 

5  sambucifolia     Mich. 

5  black  elder  leaved 

FUCUS 

FuCUS 

vesiculosus 

vesiculosus 

FUMARIA 

FUMITORY 

1  glauca     Curt. 

sempervirens     L. 
corydalis  sempervi- 

1  glaucous 

rens     Mich 

2  Formosa 

2  beautiful 

3  A*.  S. 

3       J\r.  S. 

GALACTIA 

>5ALACTIA 

ervum  volubile    Walt. 
gabella     Mich. 

I 

smooth 

GALEGA 

GOAT'S  RUE 

virginica 

Virginia  two  coloured 

GALIUM 

LADIES'  BED  STRAW 

1  aparine 

1   common 

2  bermudianum 

2  Bermudian 

3  brachialum                ? 
circaezans     Mich.  5 

3  cross  branched 

4  cuspidatum 

4  spit  pointed 

5  pennsylvanicum     Willd. 

5  Pennsylvanian 

6  pilosum* 

puncticulosum  Mich 

} 

6  hairy 

7  tinctorium 

7  dyer's 

8  trifidum                     > 
claytoni     Mich.    5 

8  trifid 

GAULTHERIA 

GAULTHERIA 

1  hispidula 

1   hispia 

2  procumbens 

2  mountain  tea  winter 
green 

GENTIANA 

GENTIAN 

1  amarelloides     Mich. 
quinqueflora     L. 

' 

1  five  leaved 

2  angustifolia     Mich. 

2  narrow  leaved 

3  crinita     Fral. 

3  fringe  flowered 

4  saponaria    L. 

4  soap  wort 

50 


5  ochroleuca                > 

5   pale  white 

saponaria     Mich.  5 

"• 

6  linearis 

6  linear  leaved 

7  villosa 

7  villous 

GERANIUM 

GERANIUM  C^rane's  bill) 

1   Carolinian  um 

1   Carolina 

Far.     album 

white  flowered 

Far.     incarnatum 

i-ed  flowered 

2  centaureum 

2  centaury 

Far.     hirsiuum 

rough 

3  columbinum 

3  long  stalked 

4  maculatum 

4  spotted  (crowfoot ) 

5  pusillum 

5  small  flowered 

6  robertianum 

6  herb  Robert 

GERARD  I A 

GIERARDIA 

1  erecta 

1   upright 

2  flava 

2  yellow 

3  glauca     Ed. 

3  glaucous 

4  pedicularia 

4  louse  wort  leaved 

5  purpurea 

5  purple 

6  lenuifolia 

6  fine  leaved 

7  villosa                 > 

heterophylla  > 

7  hairy 

GEUM 

AVENS  (herb  Bennet) 

I  album 

1   white 

2  florid  um 

2  flowery 

3  hirsutum 

'3  rough  hairy 

4  rivale 

4  water 

5   strictum     j^if. 

5  upright 

6  virginianum 

6  Virginian 

GLECHOMA 

GROUND  IVY 

hederacea 

common 

GLYCINE 

GLYCINE 

I  apios 

1   tuberous 

2  comosa 

2  close  flowered 

monoica 

3  pea  vine 

Far.     alba 

white  flowered 

Far.     caereulea 

blue  flowered 

4  umbellata 

4  umbelled  . 

GNAPHALIUM 

CUDWEED  (mouse  ear) 

1  dioicum 

1   dioicous 

2  margaritaceum 

2  pearly  everlasting 

3  plantagineum 

3  plantain  leaved 

4  uUginosum 

4  bundled 

GRATIOLA 

HYSSOP 

virginica 

Virginian  hedge 

51 


HAMAMELIS 

WITCH  HAZEL 

vire;inica 

common 

HEDY^^ARUM 

HEDYSARUM 

1   canadense 

I   Canadian 

2  canescens 

2  rough  leaved 

3  cuspidatum 
bracteosum 

Mich.  5 

3  sharp  pointed 

4  divergervs 

5  frutescens 

1 

4  spreading 

lespedeza  capitata    \- 

5  shrubby 

Mich.  J 

6  glabellum 

6  bare 

7  ghuinosum 

8  hii'tum 

polystachia 

9  nudicaulis 

Mich.  5 

7  clammy 

8  many  spiked 

9  paked  stalked 

10  obtusum 

10  blunt  leaved 

1 1  marilandicum 

11    Maryland 

12  nudiflorum 

12  naked  flowered 

13  paniculatura 

13  panicled 

I'l  prostraium 

procumbens 

15  reticulatum 

sessilifolium 

Mich.  S 
Mich.  5 

14  trailing 

15  nettled  leaved 

16  rotundifolium 
canescens      i 

Mich.  I 
Willd.     i 

16  round  leaved 

17  violaceum 

17  violet  flowered 

18  viridifoliuin 

18  green  flowered 

19                   V  S 

19             •A'*.  iS. 

HELENIUM 

HELE>  .UM  ' 

autumn  ale 

smooth 

HELIANTHUS 

SUN  FLOWER 

1  altissimus 

I   tall 

2  angustifolius 

2  narrow  leaved 

2  decapetalus 

3  ten  petaled 

4  divaricatus 

i  branching 

5  fiondosus 

5  leafy 

6  giganteiis 

7  mollis 

6  gig  an  lick 

7  soft 

b  multlflorus 

8  many  flowered 

HELLEBORUS 

HELLEBORE 

1  faetidus 

1    i)ear's  foot 

2  irifolialus 

2  three  leaved,  gold  thread 

3  viridis     ^it. 
HELONIAS 

3  green 
HELONLAS 

1  angustifolia 

1  narrow  leaved 

5i 


4 


2  asphodeloides 

xerophyllum  Mich. 
HEUCHERA 

americana  7 

cortusa    Mich,  y 
HUBISCUS 

1  nianihot 

2  moscheutos 

3  palustis 

4  riparius     Pers. 

militaris     Cav. 

5  virginicus     fValt^ 
HIERACIUM 

1  gronovii 

2  marianum       JFilld.  > 

scabrum     Mich,  y 
S  panic  ulatum 

4  venosum 

5  ^.  5, 

HlPPOPHAiE 

canadensis 
HIPPURIS 

vulgaris 
HOLOSTEUiNf 

succulentum 
HOTTONIA 

palustris 
HOUSTONIA 

1  ccerulea 

2  Ion gi folia 

3  purpurea 
HUDSONIA 

ericoides 
HYDRASTIS 

canadensis 
HYDNUM 

imbricatum 
HYDROPELTIS 

purpurea     Mich. 
HYDROPHYLLUM 

1  scabrum     Muhi, 

2  virginicum 
HYPERICUM 

1  ascyroides 

macrocarpon    Mich 
bariramicum 


} 


2  grass  leaved 
HEUCHERA 

purple  flowered 
HIBISCUS 

1  palmated 

2  poplar  leave*! 

3  marsh 

4  smooth 

5  river 
HAWKWEED 

1  Gronovius* 

2  rough 

3  panicled 

4  veiny  leaved 

5  JV.S. 
SEA  BUCKTHORN 

•Canada,  oval  leaved 
MARE'S  TAIL 

common 
CHICKWEED 

succulent 
WATER  VIOLET 

marsh 
HOUSTONIA 

1  blue 

2  long  leaved 

3  red 
HUDSONIA 

heath 
YELLOW  ROOT 

Canada 
HYDRIUM 

imbricated 
HYDROPELTIS 

purple 
WATER  LEAF 

1  I'ough 

2  Virginian 
JOHN'S  WORT 

J  large  capsuled 


ss 


canadense 
elatum  ^it. 
perforatum 
procumbens 
denticulalum 
pyrimidatum 
amplexicaule 
rostnarini  folium 


IVaU. 


Lmk 


Lmk. 


9 
10 


virginicum 


HYPOXIS 

1  erecta 

2  juncea 

ILEX 

1  aquifolium 

2  canadensis     Mich 

prunifolia 

3  opaca     Mt. 
IMBRICARIA 

convexicaulis 
IMPATIENS 

1  maculata 

2  noli  tangere 
INULA 

1  helenium 

2  linearis     ^.  5. 
IRIS 

1  cristata 

2  versicolor 

3  Var.     Major. 
4,  virginica 

versicolor^Mf^ 

5  JV.  S. 

6  ;V.  S.  LeCon 

IVA 

frutescens 

JUGLANS 

1  alba 

tomentosa    Mich 

2  amara     Mich. 

3  comprcssa     Gtert. 

alba     Mich. 
squamosa    Mich 


\ 


2  Canadian 

3  tall 

A  common,  perforated 

5  procumbent 

6  notched 


i       7  stem  clasping 


8 


.} 


9  Virginian 
10  ^.  5 

STAR-FLOWER 

1  upright  bastard 

2  rush  leaved 

HOLLY 

1  common 

2  Canadian 

3  Carolinian 
IMBRICARIA 

convex  stalked 
BALSAM 

1  spotted 

2  touch  me  not 
ELECAMPANE 

1  common 

2  linear 

FLAG  C^ofver  de  lueej 

1  crested 

2  many  coloured 

3  large 

4  Virginian 

5  j\r.s. 

6  J\r.  s. 

IVA  (bastard  Jeauit'a  bark) 
shrubby 

WALNUT  or  hickory 

1  white  heart 

2  bitter 

3  shell  bark 


54 


] 


4  Sfiec.   microcarpa 

5  cinerea  > 

cathartica  Mich.  f.  3 

6  hybrida     JV.  S. 

7  nigra 

8  Sfiec.     oblonga 

glabra     Muhl. 

9  porcina     Mich.f. 
10  regia 

JUNCijS 

1  effusus 

2  bulbosus 

3  marginatus 

4  melanocarpus 

5  echinatus  "^ 

polycephalus   Mich.j 

6  TJodosus 
y  setaceus 

8  squarrosus 

9  sylvaticus 
JUNIPERUS 

1  communis  p 

repens     Don.  3 

2  prostrata 

3  virginiana 

KALMIA 
1  angustifolia 
2 Var. 

3  glauca     Ait. 

4  latifolia 

5  rosmarinifolia     JV.  S. 

LACTUCA 

elongata     Muhl. 
LAMIUM 

1  amplexicaule 

2  purpureum 
LAURUS 

1  benzoin 

2  diospyros 

3  sassafras 
LECHEA 

1  major     Mich. 

2  minor     L. 

3  racemulosa    Mich. 


4  common 

5  butternut  (white) 

6  hybrid 

7  black 

8  oblong 

9  pignut 

10  common,  royal 
RUbH  GRASS 

1  soft 

2  bulbous,  round  fruited 

3  marginated 

4  black  fruited 

5  many  headed 

6  knotty 

7  bristly 

8  moss  or  goose  corn 

9  wood 
JUNIPER  or  cedar 

1  common 

2  creeping 

3  red 

KALMIA  or  laurel 

1  narrow  leaved 

2  

3  glaucous 

4  broad  leaved 

5  rosemary  leaved 

LETTUCE 

narrow  leaved 
NETTLE  (Henbit) 

1  common  dead 

2  purple 

BAY  TREE  or  laurel 

1  wild  alspice,  fever  bush 

2  persimmon 

3  sassafras 
LECHEA 

1  large 

2  small 

3  bunch  flowered 


S5 


LEDUM 

1  latifolium 

2  palustre 

3  thymifoliuin     Lnik. 
LEONURUS 

cardiaca 
LESPEDEZA 

1  capitata     Mich. 

2  linearis     jV.  5. 

3  polystachya     Alich. 

4  procumbens     Mich. 
LIATRIS 

1  aspera 

spicata     Willd. 

2  macrostachya     Mich 


3  pilosa     jiit. 

4  scanota 

5  squarrosa 
LICHEN 

frucata 
LIGUSTICUM 

actaeifolium 

cicuta  maculata 
LIGUSTRUM 

vnlgare 
LILIUM 

1  canadense 

coccineum 

2  pennsylvanicum 

3  philadelphicum 

4  superbum 
LIMODORDM 

unifolium 
LINARIA 


} 


vulgaris 
LINNiEA 

borealis     rubra. 
LINUM 

usitatissimum 
LIQUIDAMBAR 

styraciflua 
LIRIODENDRON 

tulipifera 
LITHOSPERMUM 
1  arvense 


-\ 


Don. 


LEDUM 

1  Labrador  tea 

2  marsh 

3  thyme  leaved 
MOTHERWORT 

common 
LESPEDEZA 

1  capitated 

2  linear 

3  many  spiked 

4  trailing 
LIATRIS 

1  rough 

2  blue  blazing  star,  long 

guted 

3  hairy 

4  ragged  cupped 

5  rough  headed 
LICHEN 


LOVAGE 

actaea  leaved 

PRIVET  or  Prim 

common 
LILY 

1  Canadian 

2  Pennsylvanian 

3  Philadelphian 

4  superb  golden  martagoa 
LIMODORUM 

one  leaved. 
LOAD  FLAX 

common 
LINN^A 

two  flowered  (northern) 
FLAX 

common 
SWEET  GUM 

maple  leaved 
TULIP  TREE 

white  poplar 
GROMWELL 
I  corn 


M 


•} 


} 


2  officinale 

latifoliura     Mich. 

3  Virginian  um 

onosmodium 
dum     J\Jich. 
LOBELIA 

1  cardinalis 

2  claytonia     Mich. 

3  inilata 

4  kalmii 

5  pallida 

goodenoides    Willd. 

6  puberula 

7  syphilitica 
LONICERA 

1  caprifolium   bracteo- 
sum     Mich. 
dioica 

parviflora    Pers. 
glauca    Fras. 
grata 

sempervirens 
ciliata 

dierviila  ? 

diervilla  lutea  Dcsf.  5 
6  JV.  5.     Le  Con. 
LUDWIGIA 

1  naacrocarpa    Mich.  } 

alternifoli  5 

2  hirsuta     Walt. 

3  nitida     Mich.  1 

isnardia  palustrisZ.J 
LUPINUS 

perennis  • 

LYCIUM 

carolinianum     Mich.   ? 
salsura     JSartr.         5 
LYCHNIS 

chalcedonica 
LYCOPODIUM 

1  complanatum 

2  dendroideum 

3  rupestre 
LYCOPUS 

1  americanus 

2  uniflorus 


2  officinal 


hispi-  V      3  hispid 


LOBELIA 

1  cardinal  flower,  scailef 

2  Claytons 

3  inflated 

4  Kalm's 

5  pale 

6  hairy 

7  blue 
HONEYSUCKLE 


>      1  glaucous 

2  evergreen 

3  trumpet 

4  fliinged 

5  yellow 

6  J^.  S. 
LUDWIGIA 

1  alternate  leaved 

2  hairy 

3  shining 

LUPINE 

perennial 
BOX  THORN 

samphire 

LYCHNIS 
scarlet 
CLUB  MOSS 

1  arbor  vitae  leaved 

2 

3  roc  It 
WATER  HOREHOUND 

1  American 

2  little 


5t 


] 


3  virginicus 
LYSIMACHIA 

1  angustifolia     Ifilld. 

2  ciliata 

covdata 

3  quadrifolia 

4  heterophylla 

5  hirsuta     Mich. 

6  racemosa     Mich 

stricta     Ait. 
bulbifera     Curt 

7  thyrsiflora 

MAGNOLIA 

1  acuminata 

2  glauca     P'ar. 
MALAXIS 

liliifolia     Sivz.       7 
Ophrys  liliifolia  3 
MALVA 

1  americana 

2  caroliniana 

3  rotundifolia 

4  sylvestris 
MEDICAGO 

lupulina 
MELAMPYRUM 
lineare 

am  eric  an  um    Mich. 
MELILOTUS 

1  alba 
'     2  vulgaris 
MENISPERMUM 

1  Canadense 

2  Virginicum 
MENTHA 

1  canadensis  ^ 

borealis    Mich.  5 

2  gracilis 

3  piperita. 

4  pulegium 
MENYANTHES 

I  trachysperma     Mich. 


H 


3  Virginian 
LYSIMACHIA 

1  narrow  leaved 

2  ciliated,  heart  leaved 

3  four  leaved 

4  various  leaved 

5  hairy 

6  bulb  bearing 

7  cluster  flowered,  tufted 

MAGNOLIA 

1  cucumber  tree, blue  flow- 

ered 

2  swamp,  white  bay,  sweet 
MALAXIS 

lily  leaved 

MALLOW 

1  American 

2  Carolina,  creeping 

3  round  leaved 

4  common 
MELICK 

black,  none  such 
COW  WHEAT 

American 

MELILOT 

1  white 

2  common 
MOON  SEED 

1  Canadian 

2  Virginian 
MINT 

1  northern 

2  slender 

3  pepper 

4  pennyroyal 
BUCK  BEAN 

1  pitted 


58 


2  trifoliata 
MESPILUS 

moiitana     J\/'.  S. 
MIKANIA 

scandens     Willd. 
Eupatorium  scandens 
Auct 
MIMULUS 

1  alatus     Ait. 

2  vingens 
MITCH ELLA 

repens 
MITELLA 
diphylla 

MNIUM 

1  cuspidatum 

2  rosaceum 
MONARDA 

1  fistulosa 

2  oblongata 

mollis      Willd. 

3  punctata 

4  rugosa 
MONOTROPA 

uniflora 
MORUS 

rubra 
MUCOR 

1  cespitosus 

2  mucedo 
MYOSOTIS 

1  lappula 

2  scorpioides 

3  virginica 
MYRICA 

1  cerifera 

2  gale 

3  pennsylvanica     Muhl. 
MYRRHIS 

scandix 


] 


2  marsh  trefoil^  3  leaved 
MEDLAR 

mountain 
MIKANIA 

climbing 

MONKEY  FLOWER 

1  Avinged  stemmed 

2  gaping  flowered 
MITCHELLA 

creeping 
CANICLE 

two  leaved, bastard  Ame- 
rican 
MNIUM 

1 

2 

MOUNTAIN  MINT 

1  Robin  run-away 

2  long  leaved,  soft, 

3  dotted,  horse  mint 

4  wrinkled,  white 
BIRD'S  NEST 

one  flowered, broom  rape 
MULBERRY 

red 
MUCOR 

1 

2 

SCORPION  GRASS 

1  prickly  seeded 

2  marsh 

3  Virginian 

CANDLE  BERRY  MYRTLE 

1  wax  bearing 

2  sweet,  common 

3  Pennsylvaniau 
CICELY 

sweet  rooted 


NARTHECIUM 

1  glutinosum     Mich. 

2  ilvense     JV.  S. 


NARTHECIUM 

1  clammy 


59 


NEOTTIA 
1   aestivalis 


Ophrys  aestivalis        > 
Mich.j 
cernua     Willd. ) 

O.  cernua      3 
pubescens      Willd.       "j 


NEOTTIA 

1  summer 

2  drooping,  ladies  traces 


Satyrium  repens 

)>      3  variegated 

Mich.] 

1 

NEPETA 

CATMINT,  or  catnefi 

cataria 

common 

NEPHRUDIUM     Mich.    \ 
POLYPODIUM     ^uc.< 

*>  SHIELD  FERN 

1   acroslichoides     Mich 

1  terminal 

2  cristatum     Mich. 

2  crested 

S  fiiix  foemina     Mich. 

0  female 

4  marginale 

4  marginal 

5  noveboracense 

5  New- York 

6  tenue     Mich. 

6  slender 

7  thelypteroides     Mich. 

7  marsh 

NICOTIANA 

TOBACCO 

1  paniculata 

I   panicled 

3  rustica 

2  common 

NIGELLA 

FENNEL  FLOWER 

damascena 

common 

NYMPHiEA 

WATER  LILY 

I  advena     Mt. 

1   striped  flowered 

2  alba 

2  white  flowered 

3  lutea 

3  yellow  flowered 

4  minima 

4  small 

5  odorata     Ait. 

5  sweet  scented 

6  rosea 

6  rose  like 

7         ^.  5. 

7             JV.  S. 

NYSSA 

TUPELO  TREE 

1  aquatica                     "1 

biflora     Mich.        K 

1  water— «our  gu7n 

integrifolia     Ait.  J 

, 

2  villosa     Mich.        ^ 
triflora     Wang.  3 

^ 

2  rough — Pefi/ierid^ 

CENOTHERA 

TREE  PRIMROSE 

)   biennis 

1   common 

2  friuicosa 

2  perennial 

.  3  grandiflora     Ait. 

3  large  flowered 

4  longiflora 

4  long  flowered 

5  muricata 

5  prickly  stalked 

60 


6  parviflora 

7  pumila 
ONOCLEA. 

sensibilis 
OPHIOGLOSSUM 

vulgatum 
ORCHIS 

1  blephariglottis     WUld. 

2  ciliaris 

3  clavellata 

yar.     tridentata 

4  flava 

Far.     virescens 

5  lacera  psycodes     Willd. 

6  psycodes     JL.        ") 

cristata    Mich.  5 

7  rotundifolia 

8  quinqueseta     Mich. 

9  spectabilis 

humilis     Mich. 
ORIGANUM 

vulgare 
ORNITHOGALUM 

umbellatum 
OROBANCHE 

1  uniflora 

2  virginiana 

ORONTIUM 

1  aquaticum 

2  angustifolium 
OSMUNDA 

\  cinnamomea     Mich. 

2  claytonia     Mich. 

3  interrupta     Mich. 

4  regalis 
OXALIS 

1  acetosella 

2  stricta 

3  violacea 


6  small  floTTcred 

7  dwarf 
ONOCLEA 

sensitive  fern 
ADDER'S  TONGUE 

common 
ORCHIS 

1  white 

2  orange  coloured 

3  yellow 

4  ragged 

5  short  spurred 

6  round  leaved 

"7  club  spurred 

8  many  lipped 

9  pale,  shewy 

MARJORAM 

common 
STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM 

umbel  flowered 
BROOM  RAPE 

1  one  flowered 

2  Virginian      Cancer  root 
ORONTIUM 

1  water 

2  pointed  leaved 
OSMUNDA 

1  woolly 

2  Claytons 

3  interrupted 

4  flowering  fern 
WOOD  SORREL 

1  common 

2  upright 

3  violet  coloured 


PANAX 

1  quinquefolium 

2  trifolium 
PANICUM 

1  crus-galli 

2  dichotomum 


GINSENG 

1  officinal 

2  three  leaved 
PANIC  GRASS 

1  cock's  foot 

2  divided  branched 


61 


3  hispidum 

4  latifolium 

5  pubescens 

6  sanguinale 

7  viride 
PARNASSIA 

1  americana 

2  asarifolia 

3  caroliniana     Mich. 
PASTINACA 

noxia 
PEDICULARIS 

1  asplenifolia     Muhl. 

2  canadensis? 

verna      5 

3  galericulata 

4  gladiata     Mich. 
PENSTEMON 

pubescens     Ait.  ) 

Chelone  pentstemon  \ 

1  lentifera 

2  punctata 
PHALARIS 

arundinacea 
PHALLUS 

impudica 
PHILADELPHUS 

odorus 
PHLOX 

1  divaricata 

2  maculata 

3  paniculata 

4  suaveolens     Ait. 
6  subulata 

6  undulata 
PHRYMA 

leptostachya 
PHYSALIS 

pennsylvanica 
PHYTOLACCA 

decandra 
PINUS 

1  alba     Ait.         > 
laxa     Ehrt.  \ 
*     2  balsamea 


9  hispid 

4  broad  leaved 

5  soft,  hairy 

6  bloody 

7  green     bottle  gras« 
GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS 

1  American 

2  kidney  leaved 

3  Carolinian 
PARSNEP 

poisonous 
LOUSE  WORT 

1  fern  leaved 

2  spring 

3  

4  yellow  flowered 
PENSTEMON 

downy,  purple 

PEZIZA 

1  

2  dotted 
CANARY  GRASS 

reed 
PHALLUS 


MOCK  ORANGE 

scented 
LYCHNIDEA 

1  blue,  divaricated 

2  spotted 

3  panicled 

4  white  flowered 

5  mountain  pink 

6  wave  leaved 
PHRYMA 

small  flowered 
WINTER  CHERRY 

Pennsylvanian 
POKE  WEED 

common 
PINE  or  Jir  tree 

1  white 

2  silver,  Balm  of  Gilead 


Mich.  5 
jiuct.  5 


I 


3  canadensis 

Abies  candensis 
H.  P 

4  inops     Ait. 

5  mitis     Mich. 

6  nigra    ^iV. 

denticulata 

7  pedula     Ait. 

8  microcarpa 

9  rigida     Mich 

resinosa 

10  rubra 

1 1  serotina     Mich. 

12  strobus 

13  taxifolia 
PISUM 

maritimum 
PLANTAGO 

1  cordata 

Var.     micro  phylla 

2  lanceolata 

3  major 

4  maritima 

5  media  ? 

Var.     crassifolia5 

6  virginica 
PLATANUS 


o'ccidentalis 
POA 

1  annua 

2  compressa 

3  palustris 

crocea     Mich. 
A  pratensis 

5  reptans 

6  trivialis 
PODALYRIA 

baptista  ") 

tinctoria     Willd.       3 
PODOPHYLLUM 

peltatum 
POLEMONIUM 

reptans 
POLYGALA 
1  cruciata 


.\ 


3  hemlock  spruce 

4  Jersey  or  scrub  pine 

5  yellow  pine,  short  leaved 

6  black  spruce 

7  black  larch 

8  red  larch 

9  pitch  pine 

10  red  spruce  fir 

1 1  pond  pine 

12  Weymouth  pine 

13  Nootka  fir 
PEA 

sea 
PLANTAIN  : 

1  heart  leaved 

2  rib  wort 

3  great 

4  sea 

5  hoary  leaved 

6  Virginian 

PLANE  TREE  or  large  but- 
ton wood 
American 
MEADOW  GRASS 

1  dwarf 

2  blue  grass 

3  marsh 

4  common 

5  creeping 

6  field 
PODALYRIA  or  Wild  Indig» 

dyer's 

DUCK'S  FOOT,  May  afiiile 

peltated 
JACOB'S  LADDER 

creeping 
MILKWORT 
1  cross  shaped 


2  incarnata 

2  flesh  coloured 

3  lutea 

nana     ilfirA, 

l 

3  yellow  flowered 

4  paucifolla 

4  evergreen  snakeroot 

5  rubella 

Walt.S 

polygama 

5  polygamous 

6  san guinea 

6  bloody 

7  senega 

7  Senega  snakeroot 

8  verticillata 

8  whorled  leaved 

POLYGONUM 

KNOT  WEED 

1  arifolium 

1   halbert  leaved 

2  aviculare 

2  knot  grass 

3  coccineum 

3  scarlet 

4  fagopyrum 

4  buck  wheat 

5  hydropiper 

5  water  pepper 

6  lapathifolium 

Ait. 

6  pale  flowered 

7  pennsylvanicum     Curt. 

7  Pennsylvanian 

8  persicaria 

8  spotted 

9  sagitatum 

9  arrow  leaved 

10  scandens 

10  climbing 

1 1  virginianum  > 
rostratum  5 

1 1  Virginian 

POLYPODIUM 

POLYPODY 

1  hexagonopterum 

1  

2  virginicum 

2  Virginian 

3  vulgare 

3  common 

POLYTRICHUM 

POLYTRICHUM 

1  ambiguum 

I   ambiguous 

2  pennsvlvanicum 

2  Pennsvlvanian 

PONTEDERIA 

PONTEDERIA 

cordata 

heart  leaved 

POPULUS 

POPLAR  TREE 

1   angulata     j^it.           ^ 
angulosa     Mic/i.  ^ 

1  angular — Cotton  tree 

2  balsamifera 

2  Tacamahac — Balsain. 
po filar 

3  candicans 

3  heart  leaved 

4  grandidentata 

Mich.   I 

4  Canada 

trepida     Muhl.          3 

5  heterophylla 

5  various  leaved 

6  monilifera 

6  . 

7  tremuloides     . 

Mch. 

7  smooth — Aafien 

PORTULACA 

PURSLAIN 

olcracea 

common 

POTENTILLA 

CINQUEFOIL 

1   anserina 

1   wild  tansy 

64 


«     2  canadensis 

3  fruticosa 

4  floribunda     A*.  S, 

5  hirsuta 

6  pennsylvanica 

7  JV.  S.     affin.     Penn. 

8  recta 

9  re  plans 

10  sarmentosa     Willd. 

1 1  simplex 
POTHOS 

1  foetida     Ji(. 

Dracontium  foetidum 
PRENANTHES 

1  alba        .  ^ 

2  altissima 

3  cordata 

4  muralis 

5  spicata     Walt. 

6  virgata  seu  rubicunda 
PRIMULA 

1  farinosa 

2  mistasinica 
PRINUS 

1  glaber 

2  do.        Far. 

3  lanceolatus     Don. 

4  loevigatus 

5  rnontanus     JV.  S. 

6  padifolius 

7  verticillatus 
PRUNELLA 

1  mariana 

2  pennsylvanica      I'J'iY/c?. 

ovata     //^  F. 
*        3  vulgaris 
•PRUNUS 

1  americana 

2  canadensis 

3  moniana     JV.  -S. 

4  pennsylvanica     Ait.\ 

borealis     Mich.     \ 

5  nigra     (americana) 

6  pumila 

7  serotina 

8  virginiana 


2  Canada 

3  shrubby 

4  many  flowered 

5  hairy 

6  Pennsylvanian 
7 

8  upright 

9  creeping 

10  running 

1 1  simple 
POTHOS 

skunk  cabbage 

PRENANTHES 

1  white  flowered 

2  tall 

3  heart  leaved 

4  wall 

5  spiked 

6  red  flowered 
PRIMROSE 

1  birds'  eye 

2  Canadian 
WINTER  BERRY 

1  evergreen — Ink  berry 

2  


spear  leaved 
smooth 
mountain 
broad  leaved 
whorled 


SELF  HEAL 
1   sea 


1 


2  Pennsylvanian 

3  common 
CHERRY  TREE 

1  American 

2  Canadian 

3  mountain 

4  upright 

5  yellow  plumb 

6  dwarf  plumb 

7  wild  cherry 

8  choke  cherry 


6f 


PTERIS 

1  aquilina 

2  atropurpurea 
PULMONARIA 

1  sibirica 

2  virginica 
PYCNANTHEMUM 

1  canescens     Mich. 

2  incaiium     Mich. 
PYROLA 

1  asarifolia 

2  rnaculata 

3  minor 

4  rotundifolia 

5  sccunda 

6  umbellata 

7  uniflora 
PYXIDANTHERA 

barbulata     Mich. 
PYRUS 

1  botryapium     H'itld. 

2  cydonia 

3  eiythrocarpa 

4  melanocarpa 

5  ovalis 

<iUERCU3 

1  alba 

2  bicolor 

3  castanea 

4  coccinea     Mich. 

5  falcata 

6  filiformis 

7  ilicifolia     Willd.        'i 

banisteri     Mich.    3 

8  macrocarpa     Mich. 

9  moniana     liilld. 
prinus  monticoIa3//cA. 

10  monticola 

1 1  oUvaeformis 

12  heterophylla 

13  nigra  > 

ferruginea  3 

14  oblusiloba     Mich. 

stellata     Willd. 

15  palustris     Mich.} 

Var.     liumilis  5 


BRAKE 

1  common 

2  purple 
LUNG  WORT 

1  Siberian 

2  Virginian 
MOUNTAIN  MINT 

1  wiiile 

2  hoary 
WINTER  GREEN 

1  kidney  leaved 

2  variegated  leaved 

3  small 

4  round  leaved 

5  notched  leaved 

6  umbelled 

7  one  flowered 
PYXIDANTHERA 

bearded 
PEAR  OR  APPLE 

1  blue  fruited 

2  common  quince 

3  red  fruited 

4  black  fruited 

5  oval  leaved 

OAK 

1  -common  white 

2  swamp 

3  yellow,  chesnut 

4  scarlet 

5  Spani^,  downy,  Ved 

6  long  stalked 

7  scrub  or  barren 

8  large  fruited 

9  rock  chesnut 

10  rock  oak 

1 1  mossy  cup 

12  various  leaved 

I** 

V 

13  black  jack 

14  post  white 
13  pin 


3  . 


66 


16  prinus 

prinus  palustris  A^ch 

17  maritima 

18  prinoides 

19  rubra 

20  tinctoria 

21  triloba 
QUERIA 

canadensis 
Anychia 


dichotoma  y 
Mich.} 


RANUNCULUS 

1  acris 

2  bulbosus 

3  hirsutus     J^T.  S. 

4  flammula 

5  marilandicus 

6  pennsylvanicus 

7  saniculaeformis 

8  sceleratus 

9  recurvatus 
10  trifoliatus 

RAPHANISTRUM 

luteum 
RHAMNUS 

catharticus 
RHEXIA 

1  virginica 

2  fungosa    JV.  S. 

RHINANTHUS 

virginicus 
RHODODENDRON 

maximum 
RHODORA 

canadensis 
RHUS 


copallinum  ? 
aestivale    3 
glabrum 
foetans  * 
radicans 
toxicodendron 
typhinum 
vernix 


16  chesnut  white 

17  sea  willow 

18  chinquapin 

19  red 

20  black,  dyers* 

2 1  downy  black 
QUERIA 

forked 


CROW  FOOT 

1  upright 

2  bulbous 

3  hairy 

4  small  Spear  wort 

5  Maryland 

6  Pennsylvanian 

7  sanicle  leaved 

8  celery  leaved 

9  bent 

10  three  leaved 
RAPHANISTRUM" 

marsh 
BUCK  THORN 

purging 
RHEXIA 

1  common 

2  fungous     ^.  S. 

.    3  J^.  S. 

YELLOW  RATTLE 

Virginian 
ROSE  BAY 

mountain  laurel 
RHODORA 

Canada 
SUMACH 

1  copal 

2  common,  smooth   . 

3  stinking  ''^ 

4  climbing  poison  vine 

5  trailing  poison  oak 

6  woolly 

7  varnish  tree 


67 


RIBES 

1  atropurpureum 

2  cynosbate 

3  floridum     Wilid. 

4  glandulosum 

5  gracile     Mich. 

6  rigens     Mich. 

7  A''.  S.     fruct.     alba. 

8  JV.  S.     Cattskill 
ROBINIA 

1  pseud-acacia 

2  viscosa 

glutinosa     Curt. 
ROSA 

1  caroliniana  > 

parviflora    Muhl,  5 

2  canina 

3  corymbosa 

4  gemella 

5  lucida     £Arf. 

6  rubiginosa 
RUBUS 

1  hispidus 

2  lucidus     W.  5. 

3  occidentalis 

4  odoratus 

5  parvifolius     ^a/f. 

6  plicatus     J\\  S, 

7  procumbens 

8  strigosus     Mich. 

9  villosus     Ait.  7 

vulpinus     ZJe^/".  $ 

10  JV.  5. 

11  J^.  S.  Cattskill 

RUDBECKIA 

1  aspera 

2  dic^itata 

1     •  •  • 

S  laciniata 

4  triloba 

RUMEX 

1  acetosella 

2  acutiis 

3  aquaticus 

4  crispatulus 

3  persicarioides 


CURRANT 

1  dark  red 

2  prickly  fruited 

3  large  fruited 

4  glanulous,  procumbent 

5  slender,  two  flowered 

6  upright,  red  fruited 
r  J\r.  S. 

8  .N-.  S. 
ROBINIA     Locust  tree 

1  false  acassia 

2  clammy 
ROSE 

1  Pennsylvania 

2  dog  rose 

3  swamp 

4  twin  flowered 

5  shining  leaved 

6  sweet  briar 
BRAMBLE 

1  strawberry  leaved 

2  shining 
American  raspberry 
flowering  raspberry 
small  leaved  blackberry- 


dewberry 

8  mountaia 

9  American  blackberry 

10  J^.S. 

1 1  X.  S. 
RUDBECKIA 

1  rough 

2  digitated 

3  jagged  leaved 

4  three  lobed 
DOCK 

1  sheep  sorrel 

2  sharp  pointed 

3  water 

4  curled 

5  arsesmart  leaved 


68 


6  sanguineus 

7  veriicillatus 

SAGITTARIA 

1  graminifolia 

2  heterophylla 

3  latifolia     M'illd. 

4  obtusa     Muhl.       > 

simplex    Pers.y 

5  pubescens 

6  sagittifolia 
SALICORNIA 

1  ambigua 

2  herbacea 

3  virginica 
SALIX 

1  caroliniana 

2  conifera     Willd 

longirostris     Mich. 

3  discolor 

4  incana     Mich. 

5  myricoides     Muht, 

6  nigra     Muhl. 

7  palustris     J^\  S. 
8 J^.  S. 

SALSOLA 

1  kali 

2  soda 
SALVIA 

1  lyrata 

2  officinalis 
SAMBUCUS 

1  canadensis 

atropurpurea 

2  pubescens     Mich. 

rubra 
SANGUINARIA 

canadensis 
SANGUISORBA 

1  canadensis 

2  media 
SANICULA 

1  canadensis 

2  marilandica 

SAPONARIA 

officinalis 


6  bloody 

7  whorled 

ARROWHEAD^ 

1  grass  leaved 

2  various  leaved 

3  broad  leaved 

4  blunt  leaved 

5  hairy 

6  pointed  leaved 
GLASS  WORT 

1  doubtful 

2  marsh 

3  Virginian 
WILLOW 

1  Carolina 

2  cone  bearing: 

3  red  rooted 

4  hoary 

5  gale  leaved 

6  black 

7  marsh 

8  JV.  S. 
SALT  WORT 

1  prickly 

2  long  leaved 
SAGE 

1  lyre  leaved 

2  officinal  or  common 
ELDER 

t  Canadian  black  berried 

2  red  berried 

BLOOD  ROOT 

American — Puccoon 
BURNET  SAXIFRAGE 

1  long  spiked 

2  short  spiked 
SANICLE 

1  Canadian 

2  Maryland,  black  snake 

root 
SOAP  WORT 
common 


69 


SARRACENIA 

1  purpurea 

2  do.        Far, 
SAURURUS 

cernuus 
SAXIFRAGA 

1  nivalis  (vernalis) 

2  pennsylvanica 

3  vir^inica     Mich. 
SCHEUCHZERIA 

palustris 
SCHCENUS 

1  albus 

2  ciliaris 

3  glomeratus 

4  fuscus 

5  setaceus 

6  sparsus 
SCIRPUS 

1  capitatus 

2  lacustris 

3  maorostachius     Mich. 

4  sylvaticus 

5  triqueter     Mich. 

americanus.     Pera. 
SCUTELLARIA 

1  galericulata 

2  hyssopifolia 

3  integrifolia 

4  lateriflora 

5  ovalifolia      Pers. 

eliptica 

6  parviflora 
SELINUM 

canadense 
SENECIO 

1  aureus 

2  balsamitae 

3  canadensis 

4  hieracifolius 

5  obovatus 
SILENE 

pennsylvanica    M^ch. 
SINAPIS 
nigra 


SIDE  SADDLE  FLOWER 

1   purple 

2 

LIZARD'S  TAIL 

nodding 
SAXIFRAGE 

1  early 

2  coinnvon  American 

3  Virginian 
SCHEUCHZERIA 

marsh 
DOG  RUSH 

1  white 

2  fringed 

3  round  headed 

4  brown 

5  bristly 

6  spreading 
CLUB  RUSH 

1  headed 

2  bulrush 

3  large  spiked 

4  wood 

5  three  sided 

SCULL  CAP 

1  common 

2  hyssop  leaved 

3  entire  leaved 

4  lateral  flowered 

5  oval  leaved 

6  small  flowered 
MILK  PARSLEY 

Canadian 
GROUNDSEL 

1  golden,  heart  leaved 

2  balsamita  like 

3  Canadian 

4  hawk  weed  leaved 

5  obovate  leaved 
CATCH  FLY 

Pennsylvanian 
MUSTARD 
black 


70 


SISYMBRIUM 

nasturtium 
SISYRINCHIUM 

1  anceps.     Lmk. 

gramineum     Curt. 

2  mucronatum     Mich. 
SMILAX 

1  caduca 

2  glauca     Mich.  > 

sarsaparilla    5 

3  herbacea 

4  hispida 

5  laurifolia 

6  peduncularis 

7  quadrangularis 

8  rotundifolia 
SMYRNIUM 

1  aureum 

2  barbinode 

3  integerimum 

4  trifoliatum      > 

thapsia    L,  5 
SOLANUM 

1  dulcamara 

2  nigrum 
SOLIDAGO 


Muhl. 


arguta 
axillaris 


A\   S. 


3 

4 

aspera 
canadensis 

5 

cUiaris 

6 

flexicaulis 

7 
8 

gigantea 
lanceolata     Mt. 

9 

spec,  graminifolia 
latifolia 

10 

noveboracensis 

11 

nemoralis     jiit. 

12 

odora     Ait. 

13 
14 

patula 
rigid  a 

15 
16 

rugosa 
scabra 

17 

squarrosa 

18 
19 

sempervirens 
ulmifolia 

SISYMBRIUM 

water  cress 
SISYRINCHIUM 

1  grass  leaved 

2  blue  eyed  grass 
SMILAX 

1  deciduous 

2  medicinal 

>"3  herbaceous 

4  hispid 

5  laurel  leaved 

6  long  stslked 

7  square  stalked 

8  round  leaved        ♦ 
ALEXANDERS 

1  golden 

2  bearded 

3  entire  leaved 

4  heart  leaved 

NIGHTSHADE    ^ 

1  bitter  sweet 

2  common 
GOLDEN  ROD 

1   sharp  notched 
2 . 

3  rough  leaved 

4  Canadian 

5  ciliated 

6  bent  stalked 

7  gigantic 

8  spear  leaved 

9  broad  leaved 

10  New-York 

1 1  wood 

1 2  sweet  scented 

13  op*n  branched 

1 4  hard  leaved 

1 5  wrinkled  leaved 

16  rough 

17  scurfy 

18  narrow  leaved 

19  elm  leaved 


t 


71 


l^# 


20  virga  aurea 

20  common 

21  ^r.  s. 

21  JV.  5. 

22  JV.  5. 

22  JV.  5. 

23  JVl  5.     aff.  virGra.  aur*'*' 

no 

24  A*.  5.  aff.  concolor 

24 ^ 

25  JV.  5.  Cattskill 

o,                             # 

26  petiolaris 

26  late  flowered 

SONCHUS 

SOW  THISTLE 

1   alpinus 

.     1  Alpine  Canadian 

2  acuminatus 

2  pointed 

3  arvensis 

3  corn 

4  floridanus 

4  large  flowered 

5  leucophleus 

5  white  flowered 

6  oleraceus           7 
Var.     asper  5 

6  common 

7  pallidus     IVilld. 

7  pale 

8  palustris 

8  marsh 

9  macrophyllus 

9  large  leaved 

SORBUS 

SERVICE  TREE 

montana     JV.  5. 

mountain 

SPARGANIUM 

BURR  REED 

erectum 

upright 

SPARTINA 

ROUGH  GRASS 

1   glabra 

1   smooth 

2  polystachia 

Trachynotia     Mich 

\ 

2  many  spiked 

SPARGANOPHORUS 

SPARGANOPHORUS 

verticillatus      Mich. 

whorled 

SPARTIUM 

BROOM 

scoparium 

common 

SPHAGNUM 

SPHAGNUM,  Peat  Most 

vulgare     Mich.        > 
latifolium     Hed.  5 

broad  leaved 

SPIR.EA 

SPIR^A 

1  alba 

1  white  flowered 

2  aruncus 

2  goats'  beard 

3  crenata 

3  crenated 

4  corymbosa 

carpinifolia      Willd 

\ 

4  broad  leaved 

5  hypericifolia 

5  St.  Johns  wort  leaved 

6  lobata 

6  lobe  leaved 

7  montana 

7  mountain 

8  opulifolia 

8  snow  ball  leaved 

iTd  stipulata 

9  large  stipuled 

10  tomentosa 

10  downy  leaved 

iJCSB   LIBRARY 


73 


11  trifoliata  1 

Gillenia  trifoliata  V 
Maeiich.J 
STACHYS 

1  aspera     Mich. 

2  tenuifolia     Muhl. 
STAPHYLEA 

1  pinnata     Var. 

2  trifoliata 
STATICE 

limonium 

TEUCRIUM 

1  canadense 

2  virginicum 
THALICTRUM 

1  rugosum     Mc. 

2  —  affin. 

THESIUM 

umbellatum 
THLAPSI 

1  arvense 

2  bursa  pastoris 

3  campestre 
THUYA 

occidentalis 
THYMUS 

virginicus 
TIARELLA 

cordifolia 
TILIA 

1  americana 

2  glabra 

3  pubescens 
TRICHOSTEMMA 

1  dichotoma 

2  lineare 
TRIEN  TALIS 

euro pea 
TRIFOLIUM 

1  arvense 

2  pennsylvauicum 

3  repens 
TRILLIUM 

I  erectutn 

atropurpureum  Curt. 


1 1  Indian  physic,  ipecacu- 
anha 

HEDGE  NETTLE 

1  rough 

2  thin  leaved 
BLADDER  NUT 

1  pinnated 

2  three  leaved 
THRIFT 

marsh  rosemary 

GERMANDER 

1  nettle  leaved 

2  Virginian 
MEADOW  RUE 

I  rough  leaved 

2 

BASTARD  TOAD  FLAX 

umbelled 
BASTARD  CRESS 

1  penny  cress 

2  shepherd's  purse 

3  mithridate  mustard 
ARBOR  VIT^ 

American — White  cedar 
THYME 

Virginian 
TIARELLA 

heart  leaved 
LIME  OR  LINDEN  TREE 

1  bass  wood 

2  smooth,  bass  wood. 

3  white  wood — hairy 
TRICHOSTEMMA 

1  branched 

2  linear  leaved 
WINTER  GREEN 

chick  weed 
CLOVER  OR  TREFOIL 

1  hare's  foot 

2  Pennsylvanian 

3  white  clover  ^ 
TRILLIUM  'm 


[■       1  upright  flowered 


ri 


2  erythrocarpon 
undulatum 

Mich.  > 

2  red  fruited 

3  grandiflorum 

3  tulip 

4  luteum 

4  yelloAy 

5  pendulum 

5  pendent 

6  pictum 

6  dotted 

7  pusillum 

7  dwarf 

8  sessile  atropurpureum 

8  sessile 

9  umbellatum 

9  umbellated 

TRIOSTEUM 

FEVER  WORT 

perfoliatum 
majus    Mich 

\ 

perfoliate 

TROLLIUS 

GLOBE  FLOWER 

americanus     Muhl. 

American 

TURRITIS 

TOWER  MUSTARD 

1  hirsuta 

1   hairy 

2  laevigata 

2  American  smooth 

TYPHA 

CAT'S  TAIL  or  Feed 

1  angustifolia 

1  narrow  leaved 

2  latjfolia 

2  broad  leaved 

ULMUS 

ELM  TREE 

1  americana 

1   common  weeping 

2  aspera 

fulva     Mich. 

\ 

2  slippery,  red 

UNIOLA 

SPIKE  GRASS 

spicata                           ? 
Festuca  distichophylla  i 

common 

UMBILICARIA 

UMBILICARIA 

1  pustulata 

1  blistered 

2  vellea 

2  

URTICA 

NETTLE 

1  canadensis 

1   Canadian 

2  divaricata 

2  divaricated 

3  gracilis 

3  slender  stalked 

4  procera 

4  tall 

5  pumila 

5  dwarf 

6  urens 

6  lesser 

7  whidowi     Muhl. 

7  Whitlow's* 

Ma  tig 


♦  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  Description  of  the  Urtica  IVhithvii. 

Caule.  5  angtilo,  simplici,  orgyali,  urente. 

Foliis  altemis,  cordato-ovatis,  acutis,  serratis,  trinerviis,  punctatis, 
petiolatis,  supremis  oppositis. 

Stipula  bifida 

K 


r* 


URTICULARTA 

HOODED  MILFOIL 

ceratophylla 

horn  leaved 

UVULARIA 

BELLWORT 

1  langiinosa 

1 

woolly 

2  lanceolata 

2 

spear  leaved 

3  perfoUata 

O 

perfoliate 

4  rosea 

4 

rose  coloured 

5  sessilifolia 

5 

sessile  leaved 

VACCINIUM 

WHORTLE  BERRY 

1  album 

1 

white 

2  cespitosurn 

2 

dwarf 

3  corymbosum 

L. 

1 

amcenum 

Jit. 

\- 

3 

broad  leaved — bilberry 

disomorphum  Mich.} 

4  frondosum 
glaucum 

Mich. 

' 

4 

bushy 

5  ligustrinum 

Mich 

. 

5 

privet  leaved 

6  macrocarpon 

Jit. 

6 

American  cranberry 

7  oxycoccus 

7 

common 

8  pennsylvanicum 

Mich. 

8 

sugar 

9  resinosum     Mt. 

9 

clammy- 

10  myrtilloides 

10 

bluets 

1 1  stamineuni 

U 

green  wooded 

12  tenellum 

12 

gale  leaved 

13  venustum 

13 

red  twigged 

14  virgatum  pennsylvani- > 
[cum     Mic/i.  S 

14 

blue  huckle  berry 

VALERIANA 

VALERIAN 

pauciflora 

three  leaved 

VERATRUM 

SWAMP  HELLEBORE 

1  luteum 

1 

nodding  (blazing  star) 

2  viride     Jit. 

2 

green  flowered 

VERBASCUM 

MULLEIN 

1   blattaria 

1 

moth 

2  thapsus 

2 

great 

VERBENA 

VERVAIN 

1   hsstata 

1 

halbert  leaved 

2  urticifolla 

2 

nettle  leaved 

Paniculis  pedunculatls,  axillarlbus,  dichotomIs,hirsutis,petIoIolongi' 

oi'ibus  masculis,  et  terminalibus  focmineis — 
Capsula  orbicularis,  conipressa>  mucronata,  proxime  divaricata  et  can- 

denais. 
Radix  perennis,  tuberosa. 


75 


VERNONIA 

noveboracensis     Mich. 
VERONICA 

1  anagaliis 

2  beccaburga 

3  officinalis 

4  serpyllifolia 

5  virginica 
VIBURNUM 

1  acerifolium 

2  arboreum     Bart.} 

pyrifolium  5 

3  cassinoides 

4  cyaneum     VHer. 

5  dentatum 

6  laevigatum 

7  lantanoides     Mich. 

8  lentago 

9  luteum 

10  molle 

1 1  nitidum 

12  nudum 

Var.     squamm^tum 

13  opuloides 

14  pimina     Mich, 

15  prunifolium 
VICIA 

1  americana 

2  cracca 

3  parviflora 

4  pusila 
VINCA 

minor 
VIOLA 

1  cucullata    Ml. 

2  lanceolata 

3  pallida     Muhl. 

4  palmata     Ait. 

5  pedata 

6  primulifolia 

7  pubescens     Mt.  > 

pennsylvauica  Mich.^ 

8  obliqua     Ait. 

9  rostrala     J\r.  S. 
10  sagittata 

n  a;  5. 


VERNONIA 

common 
SPEEDWELL 

1  pimpernel  or  waier 

2  brooklime 

3  officinal 

4  smooth — Paul'g  betontj 

5  Virginian 
VIBURNUM 

1  maple  leaved 

2  tall 

3  thick  leaved 

4  

5  tooth  leaved 

6  smooth 

7  hobble  bush 

8  pear  leaved 

9  

10  woolly 

1 1  shining 

^2  naked,  oval  leaved 

13  shrub  cranberry 

14 

15  plum  leaved,  black  hued 
VETCH 

1  American 

2  tufted 

3  small  flowered 

4  small 
PERIWINKLE 

small 
VIOLET 

1  hollow  leaved 

2  spear  leaved 

3  pale 

4  palmated 

5  multifid 

6  prim  rose  leaved 

7  yellow  flowered 

8  oblique  flowered 

9  beak  flowered 

10  arrow  leaved 

11  A".  5. 


76 


VITIS 

1  hirsuta     AT.  S. 

2  labrusca 

taurina     JValt 

3  riparia     Mich. 

4  vulpina 

cordifolia     Mich 


.} 


.1 


XANTHIUM 

orientale 
XYRIS 

1  anceps     Pers 

jupicai     Mich 

2  brevifolia 


ich.  5 


ZANTHOXYLUM 

fraxineum     IFilld. 
americanutn 


VINE  or  GRAPE 

1  hairy 

2  fox 

3  river  or  sand 

4  winter  or  chipken 

XANTHIUM 

eastern 
XYRIS 

1  two  edged 

2  shorth  leaved 

TOOTH  ACHE  TREE 
common 


# 


